PSYC 304 UPDATED EVALUATION EXAM ALL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Superego (psychodynamic theory) - ✔✔The "moral agent" in personality; emerges
during preschool years as children begin to internalize adult standards of right and
wrong
✔✔Psychosocial theory definition (Erikson) - ✔✔Development comprises a sequence of
stages, each defined by a unique crisis or challenge
✔✔Psychosocial theory stages (Erikson) - ✔✔(1) Trust vs mistrust - birth to 1 year
(HOPE)
(2) Autonomy vs shame/doubt - 1 to 3 years (WILL)
(3) Initiative vs guilt - 3 to 7 years (PURPOSE)
(4) Industry vs inferiority - 6 years to adolescence (COMPETENCY)
(5) Identity versus identity confusion - adolescence (FIDELITY)
(6) Intimacy versus isolation - young adulthood (LOVE)
,(7) Generativity vs stagnation - middle adulthood (CARE)
(8) Integrity vs despair - late life (WISDOM)
✔✔Classical conditioning (Pavlov, Watson) - ✔✔A previously neutral stimulus can
become associated with a naturally occurring response and can eventually come to
elicit a similar response on its own
ex: Watson & "Little Albert"
✔✔Operant conditioning (Skinner) - ✔✔Consequences of a behavior determine whether
that behavior is repeated in the future
✔✔Reinforcement - ✔✔A consequence that increases the future likelihood of the
behavior that it follows
✔✔Punishment - ✔✔A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior
that it follows
✔✔Positive reinforcer example - ✔✔Parents reward child for cleaning up her room by
giving her a cookie
✔✔Negative reinforcer example - ✔✔Parental nagging to "go clean your room" stops
when the child starts cleaning up
✔✔Positive punisher example - ✔✔Parents punish child for not cleaning up her room by
shouting at her
✔✔Negative punisher example - ✔✔Child is not allowed to watch television that
evening because she did not clean her room
✔✔Imitation/observational learning - ✔✔Children sometimes learn without
reinforcement or punishment - simply by watching those around them
✔✔Social cognitive theory (Bandura) - ✔✔Children actively interpret events and
respond based on their perceptions
ex: "Bobo doll" study
✔✔Self-efficacy (Bandura) - ✔✔Beliefs about a child's own abilities and talents, brought
on by experience; helps determine when children will imitate others
✔✔Cognitive-developmental perspective (Piaget) - ✔✔Focuses on how children think
and on how their thinking changes as they grow; Piaget believed that children naturally
try to make sense of their world
, ✔✔Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development - ✔✔(1) Sensorimotor - birth to 2
years - infant's knowledge of the world based on senses and motor skills; by end, infant
uses mental representations
(2) Preoperational - 2 to 7 years - child learns how to use symbols (words/numbers) to
represent aspects of the world, but relates to the world only through his or her
perspective
(3) Concrete operational - 7 to 11 years - child understands and applies logical
operations to experiences, provided they are focused on the here and now
(4) Formal operational - adolescence and beyond - abstract thinking, speculates on
hypothetical situations, reasons deductively about what may be possible
✔✔Culture - ✔✔The knowledge, attitudes, and behavior associated with a group of
people
✔✔Vygotsky's Theory of Contextual Development - ✔✔Because a fundamental aim of
all societies is to enable children to acquire essential cultural values and skills, every
aspect of a child's development must be considered against this backdrop
Development similar to an apprenticeship
✔✔Bronfenbrenner's Theory of Ecological Systems - ✔✔Emphasizes the interaction of
different aspects of the environment and their influence - direct or indirect - upon the
child
✔✔Microsystem (Bronfenbrenner) - ✔✔Consists of the people and objects in an
individual's immediate environment
ex: family, peers, school
✔✔Mesosystem (Bronfenbrenner) - ✔✔Represents the fact that what happens in one
microsystem is likely to influence others
ex: having a bad day at work may make you grouchy at home
✔✔Exosystem (Bronfenbrenner) - ✔✔Refers to social settings that a person may not
experience first-hand but that still influence development
ex: parents' workplace
✔✔Macrosystem (Bronfenbrenner) - ✔✔The subcultures and cultures in which the
microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Superego (psychodynamic theory) - ✔✔The "moral agent" in personality; emerges
during preschool years as children begin to internalize adult standards of right and
wrong
✔✔Psychosocial theory definition (Erikson) - ✔✔Development comprises a sequence of
stages, each defined by a unique crisis or challenge
✔✔Psychosocial theory stages (Erikson) - ✔✔(1) Trust vs mistrust - birth to 1 year
(HOPE)
(2) Autonomy vs shame/doubt - 1 to 3 years (WILL)
(3) Initiative vs guilt - 3 to 7 years (PURPOSE)
(4) Industry vs inferiority - 6 years to adolescence (COMPETENCY)
(5) Identity versus identity confusion - adolescence (FIDELITY)
(6) Intimacy versus isolation - young adulthood (LOVE)
,(7) Generativity vs stagnation - middle adulthood (CARE)
(8) Integrity vs despair - late life (WISDOM)
✔✔Classical conditioning (Pavlov, Watson) - ✔✔A previously neutral stimulus can
become associated with a naturally occurring response and can eventually come to
elicit a similar response on its own
ex: Watson & "Little Albert"
✔✔Operant conditioning (Skinner) - ✔✔Consequences of a behavior determine whether
that behavior is repeated in the future
✔✔Reinforcement - ✔✔A consequence that increases the future likelihood of the
behavior that it follows
✔✔Punishment - ✔✔A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior
that it follows
✔✔Positive reinforcer example - ✔✔Parents reward child for cleaning up her room by
giving her a cookie
✔✔Negative reinforcer example - ✔✔Parental nagging to "go clean your room" stops
when the child starts cleaning up
✔✔Positive punisher example - ✔✔Parents punish child for not cleaning up her room by
shouting at her
✔✔Negative punisher example - ✔✔Child is not allowed to watch television that
evening because she did not clean her room
✔✔Imitation/observational learning - ✔✔Children sometimes learn without
reinforcement or punishment - simply by watching those around them
✔✔Social cognitive theory (Bandura) - ✔✔Children actively interpret events and
respond based on their perceptions
ex: "Bobo doll" study
✔✔Self-efficacy (Bandura) - ✔✔Beliefs about a child's own abilities and talents, brought
on by experience; helps determine when children will imitate others
✔✔Cognitive-developmental perspective (Piaget) - ✔✔Focuses on how children think
and on how their thinking changes as they grow; Piaget believed that children naturally
try to make sense of their world
, ✔✔Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development - ✔✔(1) Sensorimotor - birth to 2
years - infant's knowledge of the world based on senses and motor skills; by end, infant
uses mental representations
(2) Preoperational - 2 to 7 years - child learns how to use symbols (words/numbers) to
represent aspects of the world, but relates to the world only through his or her
perspective
(3) Concrete operational - 7 to 11 years - child understands and applies logical
operations to experiences, provided they are focused on the here and now
(4) Formal operational - adolescence and beyond - abstract thinking, speculates on
hypothetical situations, reasons deductively about what may be possible
✔✔Culture - ✔✔The knowledge, attitudes, and behavior associated with a group of
people
✔✔Vygotsky's Theory of Contextual Development - ✔✔Because a fundamental aim of
all societies is to enable children to acquire essential cultural values and skills, every
aspect of a child's development must be considered against this backdrop
Development similar to an apprenticeship
✔✔Bronfenbrenner's Theory of Ecological Systems - ✔✔Emphasizes the interaction of
different aspects of the environment and their influence - direct or indirect - upon the
child
✔✔Microsystem (Bronfenbrenner) - ✔✔Consists of the people and objects in an
individual's immediate environment
ex: family, peers, school
✔✔Mesosystem (Bronfenbrenner) - ✔✔Represents the fact that what happens in one
microsystem is likely to influence others
ex: having a bad day at work may make you grouchy at home
✔✔Exosystem (Bronfenbrenner) - ✔✔Refers to social settings that a person may not
experience first-hand but that still influence development
ex: parents' workplace
✔✔Macrosystem (Bronfenbrenner) - ✔✔The subcultures and cultures in which the
microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded
