ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY UPDATED EXAMS
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
SURE A+
✔✔What is the key approach to contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) - ✔✔Prevention is
key in contrast-induced nephropathy.
✔✔How can contrast-induced nephropathy be prevented - ✔✔Contrast-induced
nephropathy prevention includes hydrating before and after contrast exposure and
minimizing dose and osmolality.
✔✔What supportive treatments are used in toxin-induced acute tubular necrosis -
✔✔Treatment includes restoring perfusion, maintaining blood pressure, using diuretics if
necessary, treating electrolyte abnormalities, avoiding additional nephrotoxins, and
dose adjusting medications.
✔✔When are ultrafiltration or hemodialysis used in toxin-induced acute tubular necrosis
- ✔✔Ultrafiltration or hemodialysis may be used if needed in toxin-induced acute tubular
necrosis.
, ✔✔What causes endogenous toxin-induced acute tubular necrosis - ✔✔Endogenous
toxin-induced acute tubular necrosis can be caused by myoglobinuria from
rhabdomyolysis.
✔✔How does rhabdomyolysis cause kidney damage - ✔✔In rhabdomyolysis, myoglobin
released from muscle breakdown is reabsorbed by renal tubules and causes damage.
✔✔How often does rhabdomyolysis cause acute renal failure - ✔✔Rhabdomyolysis
causes acute renal failure in about 30% of cases.
✔✔What conditions can cause rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Crush injuries, seizures, prolonged
unconsciousness, and cocaine can cause rhabdomyolysis.
✔✔What symptoms are seen in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Rhabdomyolysis can cause
weakness, pain, and edema in affected muscles.
✔✔What systemic symptoms can occur in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Rhabdomyolysis can
cause nausea, vomiting, confusion, and cardiac arrhythmias.
✔✔What severe complications can occur in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Severe
rhabdomyolysis can cause shock and compartment syndrome.
✔✔What lab findings are seen in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Rhabdomyolysis commonly
causes CK greater than 5 times normal, elevated BUN and serum creatinine,
hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperuricemia, and hypocalcemia.
✔✔What urinalysis finding is seen in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Urine dipstick is positive for
blood, but RBCs are negative on microscopy in rhabdomyolysis.
✔✔What is the main treatment for rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Fluids are the main treatment
for rhabdomyolysis.
✔✔What diuretics may be used in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Loop diuretics may be used in
rhabdomyolysis.
✔✔Should mannitol be used in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Mannitol should not be used in
rhabdomyolysis.
✔✔How are electrolyte abnormalities managed in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Electrolyte
disorders should be treated, but calcium should not be given in rhabdomyolysis.
✔✔What complication should be monitored for in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Patients with
rhabdomyolysis should be monitored for compartment syndrome.
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
SURE A+
✔✔What is the key approach to contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) - ✔✔Prevention is
key in contrast-induced nephropathy.
✔✔How can contrast-induced nephropathy be prevented - ✔✔Contrast-induced
nephropathy prevention includes hydrating before and after contrast exposure and
minimizing dose and osmolality.
✔✔What supportive treatments are used in toxin-induced acute tubular necrosis -
✔✔Treatment includes restoring perfusion, maintaining blood pressure, using diuretics if
necessary, treating electrolyte abnormalities, avoiding additional nephrotoxins, and
dose adjusting medications.
✔✔When are ultrafiltration or hemodialysis used in toxin-induced acute tubular necrosis
- ✔✔Ultrafiltration or hemodialysis may be used if needed in toxin-induced acute tubular
necrosis.
, ✔✔What causes endogenous toxin-induced acute tubular necrosis - ✔✔Endogenous
toxin-induced acute tubular necrosis can be caused by myoglobinuria from
rhabdomyolysis.
✔✔How does rhabdomyolysis cause kidney damage - ✔✔In rhabdomyolysis, myoglobin
released from muscle breakdown is reabsorbed by renal tubules and causes damage.
✔✔How often does rhabdomyolysis cause acute renal failure - ✔✔Rhabdomyolysis
causes acute renal failure in about 30% of cases.
✔✔What conditions can cause rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Crush injuries, seizures, prolonged
unconsciousness, and cocaine can cause rhabdomyolysis.
✔✔What symptoms are seen in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Rhabdomyolysis can cause
weakness, pain, and edema in affected muscles.
✔✔What systemic symptoms can occur in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Rhabdomyolysis can
cause nausea, vomiting, confusion, and cardiac arrhythmias.
✔✔What severe complications can occur in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Severe
rhabdomyolysis can cause shock and compartment syndrome.
✔✔What lab findings are seen in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Rhabdomyolysis commonly
causes CK greater than 5 times normal, elevated BUN and serum creatinine,
hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperuricemia, and hypocalcemia.
✔✔What urinalysis finding is seen in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Urine dipstick is positive for
blood, but RBCs are negative on microscopy in rhabdomyolysis.
✔✔What is the main treatment for rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Fluids are the main treatment
for rhabdomyolysis.
✔✔What diuretics may be used in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Loop diuretics may be used in
rhabdomyolysis.
✔✔Should mannitol be used in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Mannitol should not be used in
rhabdomyolysis.
✔✔How are electrolyte abnormalities managed in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Electrolyte
disorders should be treated, but calcium should not be given in rhabdomyolysis.
✔✔What complication should be monitored for in rhabdomyolysis - ✔✔Patients with
rhabdomyolysis should be monitored for compartment syndrome.
