PAPER 3 16 MARKERS PSYCH
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS
DiscussA2howA2genderA2biasA2hasA2beenA2presentedA2inA2psychologyA2-A2Ans--
AO1A2genderA2biasA2(standardisedA2procedure,A2institutionalA2sexism),A2alphaA2(exagger
atingA2orA2overestimatingA2differences),A2betaA2(minimisingA2differences,A2misrepresentat
ion)
AO3A2WilsonA2'75A2humanA2attraction=A2survivalA2efficiencyA2(menA2wantA2sexA2toA2passA
2onA2genes,A2womenA2wantA2commitment),A2over-
exaggeratingA2differences,A2supportsA2andA2evidencesA2falseA2narrativesA2throughA2alph
aA2bias
AO3A2ShelleyA2TaylorA2(2000)-
A2challengedA2fightA2orA2flight,A2suggestingA2femalesA2haveA2tendA2orA2befriendA2dueA2toA2
maternalA2instincts/
socialA2normsA2meaningA2they'reA2moreA2likelyA2toA2beA2caring,A2demonstratesA2howA2pre
viousA2researchA2failsA2toA2accountA2forA2differences,A2supportingA2betaA2bias
AO3A2ResearchA2that'sA2publishedA2isA2moreA2likelyA2toA2beA2cateredA2toA2menA2dueA2toA2
patriarchalA2societyA2prioritisingA2maleA2researchersA2andA2male-
centredA2research.A2HenceA2genderA2biasA2fromA2societyA2inflictedA2onA2howA2muchA2gen
derA2biasA2seenA2inA2researchA2published,
DiscussA2cultureA2biasA2inA2psychologyA2-A2Ans--
AO1A2culturalA2biasA2(ignoreA2culturalA2differences),A2ethnocentrismA2(beliefA2inA2superiori
tyA2inA2yourA2ownA2culture,A2causingA2prejudice/
discrimination),A2imposedA2eticsA2(whenA2behaviourA2specificA2toA2oneA2cultureA2isA2appli
edA2toA2all),A2culturalA2relativismA2(theA2ideaA2thatA2norms/
valuesA2canA2onlyA2beA2meaningfulA2inA2specificA2social/culturalA2contexts)
AO3A2individualisticA2vsA2collectivistA2culturesA2tooA2simple-
A2TakanoA2&A2OsakaA2'99A2foundA214/15A2studiesA2foundA2noA2distinctionA2betweenA2USA
A2andA2Japan,A2cultureA2biasA2notA2asA2relevant?
AO3A2emergenceA2ofA2culturalA2psychologyA2(greaterA2useA2ofA2researchA2conductedA2wit
hinA2aA2cultureA2byA2peopleA2belongingA2toA2it),A2encourageA2cross-
culturalA2(identifyA2variationsA2inA2cultures)A2andA2encourageA2transculturalA2(identifyA2sim
ilarities).A2BUTA2communicationA2barrier?A2NotA2anA2issueA2ifA2dedicatedA2enough.
AO3A2culturalA2psychologyA2reducesA2cultureA2biasA2byA2reducingA2ethnicA2stereotypingA2
andA2challengingA2WesternA2ideas
, DiscussA2idiographicA2andA2nomotheticA2approachesA2inA2psychologyA2-A2Ans--
AO1A2idiographicA2(uniqueA2experience,A2caseA2studies,A2interviews,A2humanistic,A2psych
odynamic)
NomotheticA2(lawsA2ofA2behaviour,A2scientific,A2stats,A2behaviourism,A2biological)
AO3A2idiographic-
A2focusA2onA2humanA2experienceA2BUTA2noA2predictionsA2andA2notA2scientific
AO3A2nomothetic-
A2scientificA2methodA2BUTA2notA2anA2individualA2experienceA2soA2limited
AO3A2interactionistA2MillonA2andA2DavisA2'96-
A2everyoneA2startsA2nomotheticA2asA2generalA2humanA2laws,A2thenA2developA2idiographicA
2asA2weA2growA2andA2experience
DiscussA2reductionistA2andA2holisticA2explanationsA2inA2psychologyA2-A2Ans--
AO1A2Holism-
A2behaviourA2mustA2beA2viewedA2asA2aA2wholeA2toA2encompassA2theA2humanA2experience
A2accurately,A2foundA2inA2humanisticA2psychologyA2(withoutA2understandingA2ourselvesA2a
A2whole,A2riskA2ofA2mentalA2illnessA2higher)
Reductionism-
A2behaviourA2brokenA2downA2intoA2smallerA2componentsA2toA2tryA2addressA2humanA2expe
rienceA2moreA2simply,A2biologicalA2andA2behaviouristA2approaches
AO3A2reductionism,A2whilstA2makingA2itA2moreA2simpleA2forA2peopleA2toA2understandA2e.g.
A2drugA2therapy,A2trueA2multitudesA2ofA2meaningA2ofA2behaviourA2canA2neverA2beA2fullyA2re
alisedA2(decreasedA2validity)
AO3A2holism,A2whilstA2addressingA2humanA2experienceA2asA2aA2whole,A2isA2consequently
A2measuredA2lessA2scientificallyA2inA2aA2qualitativeA2way,A2limitationA2ofA2holismA2whichA2is
A2aA2benefitA2ofA2reductionismA2asA2itA2scientificA2credibility
AO3A2interactionistA2best,A2realA2worldA2applicationA2asA2drugsA2+A2therapyA2mostA2effecti
veA2treatmentA2forA2mostA2mentalA2disorders,A2diathesis-stress
DiscussA2freeA2willA2andA2determinismA2-A2Ans--
AO1A2DeterminismA2(hard,A2soft,A2biological,A2environmentalA2andA2psychic)
FreeA2willA2(notionA2thatA2weA2areA2ableA2toA2controlA2andA2chooseA2ourA2courseA2ofA2actio
n)
AO3A2LimitationA2ofA2determinism=A2doesn'tA2holdA2upA2inA2theA2modernA2judicialA2system
A2asA2bioA2determinismA2couldA2meanA2aA2criminalA2isA2notA2blamedA2forA2theirA2crime.A2B
utA2it'sA2aA2favourableA2argumentA2forA2freeA2willA2asA2itA2reflectsA2accountabilityA2inA2theA2
modernA2lawA2system
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS
DiscussA2howA2genderA2biasA2hasA2beenA2presentedA2inA2psychologyA2-A2Ans--
AO1A2genderA2biasA2(standardisedA2procedure,A2institutionalA2sexism),A2alphaA2(exagger
atingA2orA2overestimatingA2differences),A2betaA2(minimisingA2differences,A2misrepresentat
ion)
AO3A2WilsonA2'75A2humanA2attraction=A2survivalA2efficiencyA2(menA2wantA2sexA2toA2passA
2onA2genes,A2womenA2wantA2commitment),A2over-
exaggeratingA2differences,A2supportsA2andA2evidencesA2falseA2narrativesA2throughA2alph
aA2bias
AO3A2ShelleyA2TaylorA2(2000)-
A2challengedA2fightA2orA2flight,A2suggestingA2femalesA2haveA2tendA2orA2befriendA2dueA2toA2
maternalA2instincts/
socialA2normsA2meaningA2they'reA2moreA2likelyA2toA2beA2caring,A2demonstratesA2howA2pre
viousA2researchA2failsA2toA2accountA2forA2differences,A2supportingA2betaA2bias
AO3A2ResearchA2that'sA2publishedA2isA2moreA2likelyA2toA2beA2cateredA2toA2menA2dueA2toA2
patriarchalA2societyA2prioritisingA2maleA2researchersA2andA2male-
centredA2research.A2HenceA2genderA2biasA2fromA2societyA2inflictedA2onA2howA2muchA2gen
derA2biasA2seenA2inA2researchA2published,
DiscussA2cultureA2biasA2inA2psychologyA2-A2Ans--
AO1A2culturalA2biasA2(ignoreA2culturalA2differences),A2ethnocentrismA2(beliefA2inA2superiori
tyA2inA2yourA2ownA2culture,A2causingA2prejudice/
discrimination),A2imposedA2eticsA2(whenA2behaviourA2specificA2toA2oneA2cultureA2isA2appli
edA2toA2all),A2culturalA2relativismA2(theA2ideaA2thatA2norms/
valuesA2canA2onlyA2beA2meaningfulA2inA2specificA2social/culturalA2contexts)
AO3A2individualisticA2vsA2collectivistA2culturesA2tooA2simple-
A2TakanoA2&A2OsakaA2'99A2foundA214/15A2studiesA2foundA2noA2distinctionA2betweenA2USA
A2andA2Japan,A2cultureA2biasA2notA2asA2relevant?
AO3A2emergenceA2ofA2culturalA2psychologyA2(greaterA2useA2ofA2researchA2conductedA2wit
hinA2aA2cultureA2byA2peopleA2belongingA2toA2it),A2encourageA2cross-
culturalA2(identifyA2variationsA2inA2cultures)A2andA2encourageA2transculturalA2(identifyA2sim
ilarities).A2BUTA2communicationA2barrier?A2NotA2anA2issueA2ifA2dedicatedA2enough.
AO3A2culturalA2psychologyA2reducesA2cultureA2biasA2byA2reducingA2ethnicA2stereotypingA2
andA2challengingA2WesternA2ideas
, DiscussA2idiographicA2andA2nomotheticA2approachesA2inA2psychologyA2-A2Ans--
AO1A2idiographicA2(uniqueA2experience,A2caseA2studies,A2interviews,A2humanistic,A2psych
odynamic)
NomotheticA2(lawsA2ofA2behaviour,A2scientific,A2stats,A2behaviourism,A2biological)
AO3A2idiographic-
A2focusA2onA2humanA2experienceA2BUTA2noA2predictionsA2andA2notA2scientific
AO3A2nomothetic-
A2scientificA2methodA2BUTA2notA2anA2individualA2experienceA2soA2limited
AO3A2interactionistA2MillonA2andA2DavisA2'96-
A2everyoneA2startsA2nomotheticA2asA2generalA2humanA2laws,A2thenA2developA2idiographicA
2asA2weA2growA2andA2experience
DiscussA2reductionistA2andA2holisticA2explanationsA2inA2psychologyA2-A2Ans--
AO1A2Holism-
A2behaviourA2mustA2beA2viewedA2asA2aA2wholeA2toA2encompassA2theA2humanA2experience
A2accurately,A2foundA2inA2humanisticA2psychologyA2(withoutA2understandingA2ourselvesA2a
A2whole,A2riskA2ofA2mentalA2illnessA2higher)
Reductionism-
A2behaviourA2brokenA2downA2intoA2smallerA2componentsA2toA2tryA2addressA2humanA2expe
rienceA2moreA2simply,A2biologicalA2andA2behaviouristA2approaches
AO3A2reductionism,A2whilstA2makingA2itA2moreA2simpleA2forA2peopleA2toA2understandA2e.g.
A2drugA2therapy,A2trueA2multitudesA2ofA2meaningA2ofA2behaviourA2canA2neverA2beA2fullyA2re
alisedA2(decreasedA2validity)
AO3A2holism,A2whilstA2addressingA2humanA2experienceA2asA2aA2whole,A2isA2consequently
A2measuredA2lessA2scientificallyA2inA2aA2qualitativeA2way,A2limitationA2ofA2holismA2whichA2is
A2aA2benefitA2ofA2reductionismA2asA2itA2scientificA2credibility
AO3A2interactionistA2best,A2realA2worldA2applicationA2asA2drugsA2+A2therapyA2mostA2effecti
veA2treatmentA2forA2mostA2mentalA2disorders,A2diathesis-stress
DiscussA2freeA2willA2andA2determinismA2-A2Ans--
AO1A2DeterminismA2(hard,A2soft,A2biological,A2environmentalA2andA2psychic)
FreeA2willA2(notionA2thatA2weA2areA2ableA2toA2controlA2andA2chooseA2ourA2courseA2ofA2actio
n)
AO3A2LimitationA2ofA2determinism=A2doesn'tA2holdA2upA2inA2theA2modernA2judicialA2system
A2asA2bioA2determinismA2couldA2meanA2aA2criminalA2isA2notA2blamedA2forA2theirA2crime.A2B
utA2it'sA2aA2favourableA2argumentA2forA2freeA2willA2asA2itA2reflectsA2accountabilityA2inA2theA2
modernA2lawA2system