RENR Exam 1 Study Guide – Revision Notes and Practice Questions
What is ecology? - ✔✔Is the study of the interrelationships between organisms and their
physical and biotic environment
Ecological systems and their hierarchy: - ✔✔systems within a system, each level of complexity
finds its explanations for mechanism in the level below and its significance in the level above
Organism- any form of life a living individual
Population- individuals of the same species living in a defined area
Community- interacting populations of different species in a defined area
Ecosystem- communities and their abiotic environment in a defined space\
Landscape- mosaic of ecosystem
Biome-very large ecosystems of sub-continental dimensions and strong biotic continuity
niche - ✔✔includes the range of abiotic and biotic conditions an organism can tolerate.
Habitat - ✔✔the place, or physical and biological setting, where an organism lives
Emergent Properties - ✔✔new properties emerging from the interactive combination of parts
genotype and phenotype - ✔✔genotype- the genetic make-up of an individual for a trait.
phenotype- the expression of the genes.
the phenotype is the outward expression of the genotype
ABO blood group - ✔✔Genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the
presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO blood
group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O.
, ABO blood group (how many # of genes, alleles, and is it haploid or diploid - ✔✔1 gene
3 alleles
diploid individual
dominant - ✔✔An allele that is always expressed
the A and B are dominant to the O
codominant - ✔✔the state in which two genetic traits are fully expressed and neither
dominates
they are both dominant ( both are visible to the phenotype)
Recessive - ✔✔O is therefore recessive to A and B
Imagine that a group of individuals are playing the Iterated Vampire Bat's Dilemma. Each round,
players pair off randomly to play. Can you predict which set of conditions would be most likely
to lead to the evolution of cooperation? - ✔✔Cooperation is more likely to evolve when
individuals repeatedly play the same partner and remember that partner's former behavior.
Crying causes mothers to pay more attention to babies, enhancing baby survival. This is an
example of a proximate hypothesis. - ✔✔yes
Hamilton's rule specifies that an altruistic behavior will be favored when - ✔✔The actor's
inclusive fitness gains exceed the associated costs.
The coefficient of relatedness measures - ✔✔the probability of an individual and its relatives
carrying copies of the same genes (alleles) from a recent common ancestor.
What is ecology? - ✔✔Is the study of the interrelationships between organisms and their
physical and biotic environment
Ecological systems and their hierarchy: - ✔✔systems within a system, each level of complexity
finds its explanations for mechanism in the level below and its significance in the level above
Organism- any form of life a living individual
Population- individuals of the same species living in a defined area
Community- interacting populations of different species in a defined area
Ecosystem- communities and their abiotic environment in a defined space\
Landscape- mosaic of ecosystem
Biome-very large ecosystems of sub-continental dimensions and strong biotic continuity
niche - ✔✔includes the range of abiotic and biotic conditions an organism can tolerate.
Habitat - ✔✔the place, or physical and biological setting, where an organism lives
Emergent Properties - ✔✔new properties emerging from the interactive combination of parts
genotype and phenotype - ✔✔genotype- the genetic make-up of an individual for a trait.
phenotype- the expression of the genes.
the phenotype is the outward expression of the genotype
ABO blood group - ✔✔Genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the
presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO blood
group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O.
, ABO blood group (how many # of genes, alleles, and is it haploid or diploid - ✔✔1 gene
3 alleles
diploid individual
dominant - ✔✔An allele that is always expressed
the A and B are dominant to the O
codominant - ✔✔the state in which two genetic traits are fully expressed and neither
dominates
they are both dominant ( both are visible to the phenotype)
Recessive - ✔✔O is therefore recessive to A and B
Imagine that a group of individuals are playing the Iterated Vampire Bat's Dilemma. Each round,
players pair off randomly to play. Can you predict which set of conditions would be most likely
to lead to the evolution of cooperation? - ✔✔Cooperation is more likely to evolve when
individuals repeatedly play the same partner and remember that partner's former behavior.
Crying causes mothers to pay more attention to babies, enhancing baby survival. This is an
example of a proximate hypothesis. - ✔✔yes
Hamilton's rule specifies that an altruistic behavior will be favored when - ✔✔The actor's
inclusive fitness gains exceed the associated costs.
The coefficient of relatedness measures - ✔✔the probability of an individual and its relatives
carrying copies of the same genes (alleles) from a recent common ancestor.
