Social & Cultural Diversity – CPCE
Exam
culture - ANS-refers to the human experience mediated by biological, psychological,
historical, and political events
cultural encapsulation - ANS-occurs when the dominant cultural view is regarded in
counseling as more important than minority values; can lead counselors to evaluate and
treat diverse clients from the dominant perspective, disregarding clients' individual
cultures and values
multicultural counseling - ANS-the integration of cultural identities within the counseling
process
cultural identity - ANS-refers to the degree to which individuals identify belonging to
subgroups of various cultural groups or categories
1960-1970s - ANS-culture's role in mental health was first discussed in what time
period?
cultural bias - ANS-avoiding ________ is integral to all major counseling documents,
including the ACA Code of Ethics, CACREP standards, NBCC Code of Ethics, and all
ACA division guidelines
tripartite model of multicultural counseling - ANS-involves 3 components:
- awareness (e.g., self-awareness of values and beliefs)
- knowledge (e.g., understanding of client's worldview)
- skills (e.g., intervention in a culturally appropriate manner)
* Guides counselors to be self-aware, examine their beliefs and attitudes regarding
other cultures, understand how various forms of oppression influence counseling,
appreciate other cultural norms and value systems, and skillfully employ cultural
appropriate assessments and interventions
etic - ANS-refers to viewing clients from a universal perspective; the individual's culture
is minimized to focus more on basic counseling processes and strategies that apply
across individuals
,- adheres to the theory that humans are humans - regardless of background and culture
- thus same theories and techniques can be applied to any client the counselor helps;
emphasizes sameness among clients (universalism perspective) that literally
transcends cultural boundaries
emic - ANS-refers to using counseling approaches that are specific to a client's culture;
counselor would more likely use indigenous helloing practices and look for alternative
explanations of symptoms based on specific cultural expressions
- defined as an insider's perception of the culture; counselor using this frame wants to
know what somebody participating in the culture thinks; emphasizes that each client is
an individual with individual differences
85% - ANS-What percentage of communication is nonverbal?
high-context communication - ANS-non-verbal communication
- involves individuals relaying messages by relying heavily on surroundings; "many
things can be left unsaid"; nonverbal cues create social harmony
low-context communication - ANS-non-verbal communication
- refers to individuals communicating primarily verbally to express thoughts and feelings
paralanguage - ANS-non-verbal communication
- refers to verbal cues other than words; may be volume, tempo, prolongation of sound,
disfluencies (e.g., utterances such as uh and um), and pitch of voice
kinesics - ANS-non-verbal communication
- includes postures, body movements, and positions (e.g., facial expressions, eye
contact / gazes, and touch)
chronemics - ANS-non-verbal communication
- how individuals conceptualize and act toward time
monochromic time - ANS-non-verbal communication
- refers to an orientation toward time in a linear fashion (use of schedules, advanced
planning of activities)
polychromic time - ANS-non-verbal communication
,- refers to the value of time as secondary to relationships among people
proxemics - ANS-non-verbal communication
- the use of physical distance; there are four interpersonal zones including intimate
distance (0 - 18 in.), personal distance (18 in. - 4 ft), social distance (4 - 12 ft.), and
public distance (12 ft. or more)
acculturation - ANS-the process in which and individual (usually an immigrant) makes
sense of a host culture's value system in relation to his or her own; the individual can
embrace the culture, reject the new culture, reject both cultures, or integrate the new
culture to some degree
True - ANS-True or False: acculturation level is largely determined by the number of
years a client has been involved in the acculturation process, the client's country of
origin, and the age at which the client began the acculturation process.
4 models of acculturation - ANS-1. assimilation model
2. separation model
3. integration model / biculturalism
4. marginalized model
assimilation - ANS-said to occur when the individual has such a high level of
acculturation that he or she becomes part of the dominant, macro, or majority culture (or
vise versa)
assimilation model - ANS-one of the 4 models of acculturation:
- highly acculturated individuals identify solely with the new culture and adopt values
and customs of the other, more dominant group.
separation model - ANS-one of the 4 models of acculturation:
- individuals refuse to adapt to cultural values outside of their own cultural values
integration model / biculturalism - ANS-one of the 4 models of acculturation:
- individuals identify with both their won culture and that of the host culture
marginalization model - ANS-one of the 4 models of acculturation:
- individuals reject the cultural values and customs of both cultures
worldview - ANS-defined as individuals' conceptualization of their relationship with the
world
, worldview models- Described by Sue (1978) - ANS-1. locus of responsibility
2. locus of control
(creates 4 worldview combinations: IR-IC; IR-EC; ER-IC; ER-EC)
locus of responsibility - ANS-type of worldview by Sue
- refers to what system is accountable for things that happen to individuals
- An internal _____ (IR) refers to the idea that success (or failure) is viewed as an
intidivuwal's own doing and is thus the result of an individual systems
- An external ____ (ER) refers to the notion that the social environment or external
system is responsible for what happens to individuals
Locus of control - ANS-type of worldview by Sue
- the degree of control individuals perceive they have over their environment
- An internal ____ (IC) is that believe that consequences are dependent on an
individual's actions
- An external ____ (EC) refers to the notion that consequences result by chance,
outside an individual's control
worldview models - Described by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) - ANS-1. human
nature
2. relationship to nature
3. sense of time
4. activity
5. social relationships
human nature - ANS-type of worldview by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
- involves the continuum that humans are basically good, bad, or both.
relationship to nature - ANS-type of worldview by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
- refers to how individuals view the power of nature: harmony with nature, power over
nature, or power of nature
sense of time - ANS-type of worldview by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
- relates to what aspect of time individuals focus upon: past, present, or future
activity - ANS-type of worldview by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
Exam
culture - ANS-refers to the human experience mediated by biological, psychological,
historical, and political events
cultural encapsulation - ANS-occurs when the dominant cultural view is regarded in
counseling as more important than minority values; can lead counselors to evaluate and
treat diverse clients from the dominant perspective, disregarding clients' individual
cultures and values
multicultural counseling - ANS-the integration of cultural identities within the counseling
process
cultural identity - ANS-refers to the degree to which individuals identify belonging to
subgroups of various cultural groups or categories
1960-1970s - ANS-culture's role in mental health was first discussed in what time
period?
cultural bias - ANS-avoiding ________ is integral to all major counseling documents,
including the ACA Code of Ethics, CACREP standards, NBCC Code of Ethics, and all
ACA division guidelines
tripartite model of multicultural counseling - ANS-involves 3 components:
- awareness (e.g., self-awareness of values and beliefs)
- knowledge (e.g., understanding of client's worldview)
- skills (e.g., intervention in a culturally appropriate manner)
* Guides counselors to be self-aware, examine their beliefs and attitudes regarding
other cultures, understand how various forms of oppression influence counseling,
appreciate other cultural norms and value systems, and skillfully employ cultural
appropriate assessments and interventions
etic - ANS-refers to viewing clients from a universal perspective; the individual's culture
is minimized to focus more on basic counseling processes and strategies that apply
across individuals
,- adheres to the theory that humans are humans - regardless of background and culture
- thus same theories and techniques can be applied to any client the counselor helps;
emphasizes sameness among clients (universalism perspective) that literally
transcends cultural boundaries
emic - ANS-refers to using counseling approaches that are specific to a client's culture;
counselor would more likely use indigenous helloing practices and look for alternative
explanations of symptoms based on specific cultural expressions
- defined as an insider's perception of the culture; counselor using this frame wants to
know what somebody participating in the culture thinks; emphasizes that each client is
an individual with individual differences
85% - ANS-What percentage of communication is nonverbal?
high-context communication - ANS-non-verbal communication
- involves individuals relaying messages by relying heavily on surroundings; "many
things can be left unsaid"; nonverbal cues create social harmony
low-context communication - ANS-non-verbal communication
- refers to individuals communicating primarily verbally to express thoughts and feelings
paralanguage - ANS-non-verbal communication
- refers to verbal cues other than words; may be volume, tempo, prolongation of sound,
disfluencies (e.g., utterances such as uh and um), and pitch of voice
kinesics - ANS-non-verbal communication
- includes postures, body movements, and positions (e.g., facial expressions, eye
contact / gazes, and touch)
chronemics - ANS-non-verbal communication
- how individuals conceptualize and act toward time
monochromic time - ANS-non-verbal communication
- refers to an orientation toward time in a linear fashion (use of schedules, advanced
planning of activities)
polychromic time - ANS-non-verbal communication
,- refers to the value of time as secondary to relationships among people
proxemics - ANS-non-verbal communication
- the use of physical distance; there are four interpersonal zones including intimate
distance (0 - 18 in.), personal distance (18 in. - 4 ft), social distance (4 - 12 ft.), and
public distance (12 ft. or more)
acculturation - ANS-the process in which and individual (usually an immigrant) makes
sense of a host culture's value system in relation to his or her own; the individual can
embrace the culture, reject the new culture, reject both cultures, or integrate the new
culture to some degree
True - ANS-True or False: acculturation level is largely determined by the number of
years a client has been involved in the acculturation process, the client's country of
origin, and the age at which the client began the acculturation process.
4 models of acculturation - ANS-1. assimilation model
2. separation model
3. integration model / biculturalism
4. marginalized model
assimilation - ANS-said to occur when the individual has such a high level of
acculturation that he or she becomes part of the dominant, macro, or majority culture (or
vise versa)
assimilation model - ANS-one of the 4 models of acculturation:
- highly acculturated individuals identify solely with the new culture and adopt values
and customs of the other, more dominant group.
separation model - ANS-one of the 4 models of acculturation:
- individuals refuse to adapt to cultural values outside of their own cultural values
integration model / biculturalism - ANS-one of the 4 models of acculturation:
- individuals identify with both their won culture and that of the host culture
marginalization model - ANS-one of the 4 models of acculturation:
- individuals reject the cultural values and customs of both cultures
worldview - ANS-defined as individuals' conceptualization of their relationship with the
world
, worldview models- Described by Sue (1978) - ANS-1. locus of responsibility
2. locus of control
(creates 4 worldview combinations: IR-IC; IR-EC; ER-IC; ER-EC)
locus of responsibility - ANS-type of worldview by Sue
- refers to what system is accountable for things that happen to individuals
- An internal _____ (IR) refers to the idea that success (or failure) is viewed as an
intidivuwal's own doing and is thus the result of an individual systems
- An external ____ (ER) refers to the notion that the social environment or external
system is responsible for what happens to individuals
Locus of control - ANS-type of worldview by Sue
- the degree of control individuals perceive they have over their environment
- An internal ____ (IC) is that believe that consequences are dependent on an
individual's actions
- An external ____ (EC) refers to the notion that consequences result by chance,
outside an individual's control
worldview models - Described by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) - ANS-1. human
nature
2. relationship to nature
3. sense of time
4. activity
5. social relationships
human nature - ANS-type of worldview by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
- involves the continuum that humans are basically good, bad, or both.
relationship to nature - ANS-type of worldview by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
- refers to how individuals view the power of nature: harmony with nature, power over
nature, or power of nature
sense of time - ANS-type of worldview by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
- relates to what aspect of time individuals focus upon: past, present, or future
activity - ANS-type of worldview by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
