Bio 2400: Final Review Examination
and All Correct Answers 2026-2027
Updated.
Microbiology has led to... - Answer Prevention of food spoilage, vaccines, aseptic techniques
Effect of vaccines - Answer 13 infections almost eradicated thanks to vaccines
History of microbiology - Answer Early human attributed disease to evil spirits, bad blood,
bad air
Lucretius and Fracastro - Answer Hypothesized that disease was caused by invisible living
creatures
Francecsco Stelluti - Answer Made the first microscope observations of organisms,
observations of bees and weevils (not microbes)
Robert Hooke - Answer visualized a "cell"
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek - Answer built one of the first microscopes and observed
"animalcules" such as rainwater, saliva, and feces
Abiogenesis vs biogenesis - Answer Abiogenesis: Theory that life arose from non-life,
spontaneous generation
Biogenesis: Life from life
Francesco Redi - Answer Disproved spontaneous generation, maggots did not arise from
meat. He conducted an experiment with two jars, one closed, one open, maggots came to open
jar
John Needham - Answer Believed in spontaneous generation. Conducted an experiment with
broth. Observed that broth became cloudy when left out, boiled broth to "kill" microbes, but
allowed broth to cool with lid open so microbes reentered.
Louis Pasteur - Answer Disproved spontaneous generation. Swan-neck flask experiment
which marked the beginning of aseptic techniques. Also credited with pasteurization,
fermentation and vaccines. First to use rabies vaccine on humans.
,Robert Koch - Answer Identified the cause of anthrax. Know for his postulated regarding the
germ theory of disease. Invented many staining techniques.
Ignaz Semmelweis - Answer Handwashing
Joseph Lister - Answer Surgical Techniques, put phenol on surgical wounds
Edward Jenner - Answer Administered cowpox for protection from small pox, cowpox is
similar to small pox
Paul Ehrlich - Answer Believed in a magic bullet (drug that would prevent disease but not
have any side effects) Found salvarsan (arsenic based drug in 1910)
Alexander Fleming (Howard Florey and Ernest Chain) - Answer Discovered penicillin by
noticing the zone of inhibition around the bacteria, Florey and Chain purified and active indigent
for medical use. All three shared Nobel price for medicine
Watson and Crick - Answer Proposed double helix DNA structure
Carl Wose - Answer Described the three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya: protists,
Fungi, Plants, Animals)
Why classify bacteria? - Answer Communication: literary consistency
Evolutionary Relationships
Illustration of Diversity
Nomenclature - Answer Genus species (both are italicized or underlines with Genus
capitalized and species lowercase) Name may be descriptive, honor a researcher or identify
habitat
Where do we store new species? - Answer Culture collections in private hospitals, research
labs, and industries or public in ATCC (American Type Culture Collection)
How are strains stored? - Answer Lyophilized (freeze dried): -54 to -72 degrees celsius
Deep freezing: -80 degrees Celsius
Liquid N2: -196 degrees Celsius
, Types of Taxonomy - Answer Classical and Genetic
Classical Taxonomy - Answer Groups according to characteristics
~Structure and Morphology
----Colony shape/size, cell shape/size, cell arrangement, external features, spores, gram stain
~Biochemical/physiological
----energy source, range and optimum growth temp, range and optimum pH, oxygen
requirements, metabolic products, antibiotic sensitivities
~Cell Surface
----Serological reactions (Capsule, LPS, Fimbrias)
~Phage Typing
----Phage is a virus that infects bacterial cells, typing is a method used for detecting single
strains of bacteria, used to trace the source of outbreaks of infections
Genetic Taxonomy Scheme - Answer New type of classification based on molecular biology
(genetic DNA), explores evolutionary relationships, based on similar gene sequences
What gene is used in genetic taxonomy scheme? - Answer rDNA (gene that encodes for RNA)
Highly conserved gene - Answer Gene has essentially remained unchanged throughout
evolution
Molecular techniques - Answer nucleic acid sequencing and comparison
~extract gene of interest from organism
~use molecular biology techniques to sequence
~use computer to align sequence
DNA fingerprinting - Answer Identification of bacterial species, antibiotic resistant strains and
disease causing strains
Microscopy units of measurement - Answer Si Units
~1 m = 1000 (10^3)mm = 10^6 nanometers
Microscope terminology - Answer Magnification: enlarging an object
Resolution: the ability to distinguish fine detail and structure
Small wavelength = greater resolution
and All Correct Answers 2026-2027
Updated.
Microbiology has led to... - Answer Prevention of food spoilage, vaccines, aseptic techniques
Effect of vaccines - Answer 13 infections almost eradicated thanks to vaccines
History of microbiology - Answer Early human attributed disease to evil spirits, bad blood,
bad air
Lucretius and Fracastro - Answer Hypothesized that disease was caused by invisible living
creatures
Francecsco Stelluti - Answer Made the first microscope observations of organisms,
observations of bees and weevils (not microbes)
Robert Hooke - Answer visualized a "cell"
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek - Answer built one of the first microscopes and observed
"animalcules" such as rainwater, saliva, and feces
Abiogenesis vs biogenesis - Answer Abiogenesis: Theory that life arose from non-life,
spontaneous generation
Biogenesis: Life from life
Francesco Redi - Answer Disproved spontaneous generation, maggots did not arise from
meat. He conducted an experiment with two jars, one closed, one open, maggots came to open
jar
John Needham - Answer Believed in spontaneous generation. Conducted an experiment with
broth. Observed that broth became cloudy when left out, boiled broth to "kill" microbes, but
allowed broth to cool with lid open so microbes reentered.
Louis Pasteur - Answer Disproved spontaneous generation. Swan-neck flask experiment
which marked the beginning of aseptic techniques. Also credited with pasteurization,
fermentation and vaccines. First to use rabies vaccine on humans.
,Robert Koch - Answer Identified the cause of anthrax. Know for his postulated regarding the
germ theory of disease. Invented many staining techniques.
Ignaz Semmelweis - Answer Handwashing
Joseph Lister - Answer Surgical Techniques, put phenol on surgical wounds
Edward Jenner - Answer Administered cowpox for protection from small pox, cowpox is
similar to small pox
Paul Ehrlich - Answer Believed in a magic bullet (drug that would prevent disease but not
have any side effects) Found salvarsan (arsenic based drug in 1910)
Alexander Fleming (Howard Florey and Ernest Chain) - Answer Discovered penicillin by
noticing the zone of inhibition around the bacteria, Florey and Chain purified and active indigent
for medical use. All three shared Nobel price for medicine
Watson and Crick - Answer Proposed double helix DNA structure
Carl Wose - Answer Described the three domains of life (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya: protists,
Fungi, Plants, Animals)
Why classify bacteria? - Answer Communication: literary consistency
Evolutionary Relationships
Illustration of Diversity
Nomenclature - Answer Genus species (both are italicized or underlines with Genus
capitalized and species lowercase) Name may be descriptive, honor a researcher or identify
habitat
Where do we store new species? - Answer Culture collections in private hospitals, research
labs, and industries or public in ATCC (American Type Culture Collection)
How are strains stored? - Answer Lyophilized (freeze dried): -54 to -72 degrees celsius
Deep freezing: -80 degrees Celsius
Liquid N2: -196 degrees Celsius
, Types of Taxonomy - Answer Classical and Genetic
Classical Taxonomy - Answer Groups according to characteristics
~Structure and Morphology
----Colony shape/size, cell shape/size, cell arrangement, external features, spores, gram stain
~Biochemical/physiological
----energy source, range and optimum growth temp, range and optimum pH, oxygen
requirements, metabolic products, antibiotic sensitivities
~Cell Surface
----Serological reactions (Capsule, LPS, Fimbrias)
~Phage Typing
----Phage is a virus that infects bacterial cells, typing is a method used for detecting single
strains of bacteria, used to trace the source of outbreaks of infections
Genetic Taxonomy Scheme - Answer New type of classification based on molecular biology
(genetic DNA), explores evolutionary relationships, based on similar gene sequences
What gene is used in genetic taxonomy scheme? - Answer rDNA (gene that encodes for RNA)
Highly conserved gene - Answer Gene has essentially remained unchanged throughout
evolution
Molecular techniques - Answer nucleic acid sequencing and comparison
~extract gene of interest from organism
~use molecular biology techniques to sequence
~use computer to align sequence
DNA fingerprinting - Answer Identification of bacterial species, antibiotic resistant strains and
disease causing strains
Microscopy units of measurement - Answer Si Units
~1 m = 1000 (10^3)mm = 10^6 nanometers
Microscope terminology - Answer Magnification: enlarging an object
Resolution: the ability to distinguish fine detail and structure
Small wavelength = greater resolution
