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BIO 322 FINAL EXAM 2026
ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS.
Based on the figure, which statement is false?
a. Darwin recognized that lineages may go extinct.
b. Darwin recognized hybridization as an important means of
genetic change.
c. Darwin recognized that not all descendents of an organism's
ancestors still exist.
d. Darwin thought that evolution might take thousands of
generations.
e. Darwin recognized that rates of evolutionary change may
vary among lineages. - ANSWER-b. Darwin recognized
hybridization as an important means of genetic change.
Which of the following is not a benefit of Linnaeus's
classification system?
a. It provides biologists with a common set of names for
different organisms.
b. It provides names for species according to an ordered
scheme.
c. It is hierarchal.
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d. It is well suited for describing patterns of relatedness among
different taxa.
e. It makes use of colloquial (common) species names. -
ANSWER-e. It makes use of colloquial (common) species
names.
Which of the following is an accepted rule of species
nomenclature?
a. Names do not need to have a particular meaning.
b. The genus and species epithet do not need to agree in
gender.
c. The name of a species is always printed in boldface type.
d. Taxonomic names cannot be revised.
e. No two species of animals or plants can bear the same
name. - ANSWER-e. No two species of animals or plants can
bear the same name.
A monophyletic group (also called a clade) is defined as
a. having shared ancestral character states.
b. a branch point in a phylogenetic tree.
c. having shared derived character states.
d. the set of species derived from one common ancestor.
e. having an ancestral characteristic. - ANSWER-d. the set of
species derived from one common ancestor.
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Which of the following is an example of homologous
characters?
a. Crocodiles and humans both have forelimbs with five digits.
b. The aquatic larval stage was lost in a lineage of salamanders
but was later regained.
c. Snails and turtles both have strong, hard shells for
protection.
d. Parrotfish and parrots (the birds) both have beaklike mouths.
e. Some flies have bright yellow coloring like that of wasps,
which provides a false warning. - ANSWER-a. Crocodiles and
humans both have forelimbs with five digits.
Which of the following is most likely the result of horizontal
gene transfer?
a. The sharing of mitochondrial genes between Homo sapiens
and the fungus Macrolepiota procera
b. The sharing of antibiotic resistance among multiple bacteria
species
c. Self-incompatibility genes found in a single plant species
d. β-globin genes shared by members of a taxonomic family
e. Herbicide resistance that is unique to a single strain of weed
- ANSWER-b. The sharing of antibiotic resistance among
multiple bacteria species
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Gene genealogies can vary for different loci. What does this
imply for species trees?
a. Accurately estimated gene trees will always give the correct
species phylogeny.
b. Species trees require apomorphies in order to be
successfully resolved.
c. Adaptive radiations do not occur.
d. Species trees should be constructed using multiple loci (both
nuclear and mtDNA).
e. All genes in the genome are subject to similar selective
pressures. - ANSWER-d. Species trees should be constructed
using multiple loci (both nuclear and mtDNA).
Once the historical relationships among different variant DNA
sequences are inferred, it is possible to
a. construct a morphological phylogeny.
b. perform bootstrap analysis.
c. determine the holotype of a species.
d. construct gene trees (gene genealogies).
e. determine the location of introns in a gene. - ANSWER-d.
construct gene trees (gene genealogies).
BIO 322 FINAL EXAM 2026
ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS.
Based on the figure, which statement is false?
a. Darwin recognized that lineages may go extinct.
b. Darwin recognized hybridization as an important means of
genetic change.
c. Darwin recognized that not all descendents of an organism's
ancestors still exist.
d. Darwin thought that evolution might take thousands of
generations.
e. Darwin recognized that rates of evolutionary change may
vary among lineages. - ANSWER-b. Darwin recognized
hybridization as an important means of genetic change.
Which of the following is not a benefit of Linnaeus's
classification system?
a. It provides biologists with a common set of names for
different organisms.
b. It provides names for species according to an ordered
scheme.
c. It is hierarchal.
,2 | Page
d. It is well suited for describing patterns of relatedness among
different taxa.
e. It makes use of colloquial (common) species names. -
ANSWER-e. It makes use of colloquial (common) species
names.
Which of the following is an accepted rule of species
nomenclature?
a. Names do not need to have a particular meaning.
b. The genus and species epithet do not need to agree in
gender.
c. The name of a species is always printed in boldface type.
d. Taxonomic names cannot be revised.
e. No two species of animals or plants can bear the same
name. - ANSWER-e. No two species of animals or plants can
bear the same name.
A monophyletic group (also called a clade) is defined as
a. having shared ancestral character states.
b. a branch point in a phylogenetic tree.
c. having shared derived character states.
d. the set of species derived from one common ancestor.
e. having an ancestral characteristic. - ANSWER-d. the set of
species derived from one common ancestor.
,3 | Page
Which of the following is an example of homologous
characters?
a. Crocodiles and humans both have forelimbs with five digits.
b. The aquatic larval stage was lost in a lineage of salamanders
but was later regained.
c. Snails and turtles both have strong, hard shells for
protection.
d. Parrotfish and parrots (the birds) both have beaklike mouths.
e. Some flies have bright yellow coloring like that of wasps,
which provides a false warning. - ANSWER-a. Crocodiles and
humans both have forelimbs with five digits.
Which of the following is most likely the result of horizontal
gene transfer?
a. The sharing of mitochondrial genes between Homo sapiens
and the fungus Macrolepiota procera
b. The sharing of antibiotic resistance among multiple bacteria
species
c. Self-incompatibility genes found in a single plant species
d. β-globin genes shared by members of a taxonomic family
e. Herbicide resistance that is unique to a single strain of weed
- ANSWER-b. The sharing of antibiotic resistance among
multiple bacteria species
, 4 | Page
Gene genealogies can vary for different loci. What does this
imply for species trees?
a. Accurately estimated gene trees will always give the correct
species phylogeny.
b. Species trees require apomorphies in order to be
successfully resolved.
c. Adaptive radiations do not occur.
d. Species trees should be constructed using multiple loci (both
nuclear and mtDNA).
e. All genes in the genome are subject to similar selective
pressures. - ANSWER-d. Species trees should be constructed
using multiple loci (both nuclear and mtDNA).
Once the historical relationships among different variant DNA
sequences are inferred, it is possible to
a. construct a morphological phylogeny.
b. perform bootstrap analysis.
c. determine the holotype of a species.
d. construct gene trees (gene genealogies).
e. determine the location of introns in a gene. - ANSWER-d.
construct gene trees (gene genealogies).
