PFCCS CHAPTER 1 EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
PEWS (pediatric early warning score) - ANS Rating scale based on behavior, cardiovascular
status and respiratory status
Score determines intervention
Newborn heart and respiratory rate ( birth - 1 mo) - ANS R 40-60. HR 100-180
Infant heart rate and respiratory rate (1-12 mo) - ANS R 35-45. HR 100-180
Toddler heart rate and respiratory rate (13 mo- 3 y) - ANS R 25-35. HR 70-110
Preschool heart rate and respiratory rate (4-6y) - ANS R 21-23. HR 70-110
School age heart rate and respiratory rate (7-12 y) - ANS R 19-21. HR 70-110
Adolescent heart rate and respiratory rate (13-19y) - ANS R 16-18 HR 55-90
What position is best for a clinical exam? - ANS Position they spontaneously assume for
comfort
A child's level of reactivity and responsiveness is usually a reflection of what? - ANS A
reflection of the level of cerebral perfusion
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 11
, in infants, how can alertness be evaluated? - ANS by observing their ability to fixate on
objects, particularly a parents face.
infant should turn towards sounds and should follow an objects horizontally and starting at one
month of age should f follow an object vertically as well
older children age 8 months to 2 years should exhibit answerer towards strangers and show
clear recognition of parents and caregivers
hypopnea - ANS shallow breathing at least 10 seconds or more which reduces O2 by 30%
hyperpnea - ANS increase in depth and rate of breathing. differs from hyperventilating as
breaths are deeper instead of just faster
Poiseuille's Law - ANS a law of physiology stating that resistance in and airway is inversely
related to it's radius to the fourth power, so reducing the airway radius by 50% would increase
the resistance 16 times
Nasal flaring is a sign of _____ breathing. - ANS increased work of breathing.
this increases the nares radii to reduce resistance to the fourth power
Grunting is associated with - ANS increased work of breathing.
exhalation against a partially closed glottis to prevent the collapse of alveoli
Retractions of the sternum or ribs during inhalation: - ANS abnormal "sucking in" of the chest
wall during inspiration; indicated respiratory distress
bradypnea is a precursor of - ANS respiratory arrest
respiratory arrest is the most common cause of cardiopulmonary collapse in children
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 11
AND ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
PEWS (pediatric early warning score) - ANS Rating scale based on behavior, cardiovascular
status and respiratory status
Score determines intervention
Newborn heart and respiratory rate ( birth - 1 mo) - ANS R 40-60. HR 100-180
Infant heart rate and respiratory rate (1-12 mo) - ANS R 35-45. HR 100-180
Toddler heart rate and respiratory rate (13 mo- 3 y) - ANS R 25-35. HR 70-110
Preschool heart rate and respiratory rate (4-6y) - ANS R 21-23. HR 70-110
School age heart rate and respiratory rate (7-12 y) - ANS R 19-21. HR 70-110
Adolescent heart rate and respiratory rate (13-19y) - ANS R 16-18 HR 55-90
What position is best for a clinical exam? - ANS Position they spontaneously assume for
comfort
A child's level of reactivity and responsiveness is usually a reflection of what? - ANS A
reflection of the level of cerebral perfusion
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 11
, in infants, how can alertness be evaluated? - ANS by observing their ability to fixate on
objects, particularly a parents face.
infant should turn towards sounds and should follow an objects horizontally and starting at one
month of age should f follow an object vertically as well
older children age 8 months to 2 years should exhibit answerer towards strangers and show
clear recognition of parents and caregivers
hypopnea - ANS shallow breathing at least 10 seconds or more which reduces O2 by 30%
hyperpnea - ANS increase in depth and rate of breathing. differs from hyperventilating as
breaths are deeper instead of just faster
Poiseuille's Law - ANS a law of physiology stating that resistance in and airway is inversely
related to it's radius to the fourth power, so reducing the airway radius by 50% would increase
the resistance 16 times
Nasal flaring is a sign of _____ breathing. - ANS increased work of breathing.
this increases the nares radii to reduce resistance to the fourth power
Grunting is associated with - ANS increased work of breathing.
exhalation against a partially closed glottis to prevent the collapse of alveoli
Retractions of the sternum or ribs during inhalation: - ANS abnormal "sucking in" of the chest
wall during inspiration; indicated respiratory distress
bradypnea is a precursor of - ANS respiratory arrest
respiratory arrest is the most common cause of cardiopulmonary collapse in children
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 11
