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ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATION
EXAM|LATEST Q&A 2026 UPDATE
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - correct-answer --Replicated chromosomes are aligned,
separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - correct-answer --G1
checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point - correct-answer --The transition from the resting phase into an
actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
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-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction
point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send
the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) - correct-answer --After mitosis, cells may enter back
into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - correct-answer --
Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time - correct-answer -Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
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Cell cycle video and image - correct-answer -
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/a
nimation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - correct-answer --The
cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can
alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular
dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through
mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - correct-
answer -1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell
cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - correct-answer --(G0-G1) :
Cyclin D and CDK 4/6
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-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
Inhibitory proteins - correct-answer --prevent progression of the cycle when DNA
damage is detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
DNA Damage Checkpoints - correct-answer --If DNA damage is present, cells are
programmed to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-
understood inhibitory proteins (IP)
Inhibitory proteins p53 - correct-answer --Levels of this IP regulate several
important target genes
ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATION
EXAM|LATEST Q&A 2026 UPDATE
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - correct-answer --Replicated chromosomes are aligned,
separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - correct-answer --G1
checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point - correct-answer --The transition from the resting phase into an
actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
,2|Page
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction
point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send
the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) - correct-answer --After mitosis, cells may enter back
into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - correct-answer --
Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time - correct-answer -Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
,3|Page
Cell cycle video and image - correct-answer -
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/a
nimation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - correct-answer --The
cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can
alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular
dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through
mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - correct-
answer -1. cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell
cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - correct-answer --(G0-G1) :
Cyclin D and CDK 4/6
, 4|Page
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
Inhibitory proteins - correct-answer --prevent progression of the cycle when DNA
damage is detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
DNA Damage Checkpoints - correct-answer --If DNA damage is present, cells are
programmed to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-
understood inhibitory proteins (IP)
Inhibitory proteins p53 - correct-answer --Levels of this IP regulate several
important target genes
