CPCE 2026 Exam with Accurate
Solutions
3 categories of human development - ANS-physical, cognitive, psychosocial
Physical human development - ANS-Biological and physiological growth,
emergence/refinement of gross and fine motor skills (speaking, hand-eye coordination)
Cognitive human development - ANS-Notices and utilizing senses, memory, ability to
imagine, understand abstract concepts, language and processing one's perceptions and
emotions
Psychosocial human development - ANS-Cultivating and nurturing relationships,
contributing to society. How an individual responds to their environment.
According to Erikson, children's development is shaped not only by their genetics but
also by _________ - ANS-society
What is Erik Erickson best known for? - ANS-The importance he plays on the constructs
of conflict negotiation and identity crisis in development of human personality
Trust vs. Mistrust - ANS-Occurs during infancy;
Develops hope
Autonomy vs. shame - ANS-Occurs during ages 1.5-3;
Develops will
Initiative vs. guilt - ANS-Occurs during ages 2-6;
Develops purpose
Industry vs. inferiority - ANS-Ages 6-12;
Develops competence
Identity vs. diffusion - ANS-Ages 12-18;
Develops fidelity (faithfulness)
Intimacy vs. isolation - ANS-Ages 19-40;
Develops love
Generativity vs. self-absorption - ANS-Ages 40-65;
Develops care
,Integrity vs. despair - ANS-Ages 65-death;
Develops wisdom
Erikson believed that experiencing obstacles within any of the age states leads to what?
- ANS-Psychopathology, but positive experiences later in life could provide healing
What does Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory focus on? - ANS-Client's
subconscious and unconscious thoughts and desires;
Internal struggles between biological urges and social expectations
Three influential texts written during the psychoanalysis period (Early 1900s-1970s) -
ANS-The Interpretation of Dreams, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and the Ego and the
Id
When did Freud believe personality development took place? - ANS-Primarily during
childhood
The Id - ANS-Driven to satisfy physical urge (in conflict with the superego)
Seeks to fulfill most basic needs
Impulse
The Superego - ANS-Driven to act in a socially acceptable manner (in conflict with the
Id)
Resistance
The Ego - ANS-Developed by the conflict between the id and the superego;
the basis for individual personality ("the self")
The other name for the ego - ANS-The self
Five stages of psychosexual development - ANS-Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
What did Freud believe would lead to psychopathology? - ANS-The inability to find a
resolution between the id and the superego
What are Piaget's four stages of development? - ANS-Sensorimotor, pre operational,
concrete operational, and formal operational
Piaget's sensorimotor stage - ANS-Birth-2 years old;
learning to interact with environment, using their senses, making sounds;
object permanence
,What is object permanence - ANS-A child realizes that an object or person still exists
even though the child may not be able to see them
Piaget's pre operational stage - ANS-Ages 2-7;
Increasing language skills and developing imagination and a sense of relational time
Piaget's concrete operational stage - ANS-Ages 7-12;
Older children learn to reason and think of others
Piaget's formal operational stage - ANS-Ages 12 and up;
rest of the lifetime; learns to think critically, develop and test hypotheses, and build
deeper relationships
What is Kohlberg known for? - ANS-His work examining how people develop morals
Kohlberg's Moral Development - ANS-Preconventional, conventional, postconventional;
moral development begins in preschool to young childhood age range
Preconventional morality - ANS-First level of Kolhberg's stages;
individuals are influenced by reward and punishment
- Stage 1: orientation to obedience and punishment
- Stage 2: individualism and exchange (learning gray areas to right and wrong)
Conventional morality - ANS-Second level of Kolhberg's stages;
Individuals behave morally to win approval by peers/society and to cultivate positive
relationships
- Stage 3: Good relationships (seeking approval from others)
- Stage 4: Maintaining social order (moral behavior determined by social and cultural
law)
Postconventional morality - ANS-Third level of Kolhberg's stages;
Engage in abstract thinking and develop personal moral principles
- Stage 5: social contract and individual rights (considers society)
- Stage 6: universal principles (moral thinking is influenced by respecting universal
justice for everyone)
What did Kolhberg believe about the 3rd stage of moral development? - ANS-One could
not move to the next stage without mastering the one before it.
Many individuals never reach stages 5 and 6 (considering society and respecting
universal justice for everyone)
Theory of psychosocial development - ANS-Development is not only shaped by
genetics, but also by society
What stage are the oedipus and electra complexes part of in the psychosexual stages
of development? - ANS-Phallic stage
, What is the phallic stage of psychosexual stages of development? - ANS-Ages 3-5;
Theorized by Freud;
Individuals become aware of differences in anatomy and social characteristics between
the two genders
Oedipus complex - ANS-Possessed by young males;
desire to remove the presence of his father to possess his mother
Electra complex - ANS-Possessed by young girls;
desire to remove the presence of the mother in order to possess the father
Who first used the term "attachment"? - ANS-John Bowlby
Attachment theory - ANS-Theorized by Bowlby;
the belief that for a child to develop healthily, he or she must have a strong attachment
with at least one main caretaker
The ability to form a strong attachment as as child provided ________, _________, and
_______ for the individual later in life - ANS-Security, stability and self-esteem
Those with weaker attachments in infancy and young childhood might be more ______
and ______ and ______ willing to engage in new experiences - ANS-Anxious and
tentative;
less willing
What did Harry Harlow's mother-baby monkey experiments show? - ANS-That infants
have an innate need to be held close, kept warm, shown affection and nourished;
Monkeys who did not receive these things showed signs of social impairment,
aggression and other atypical behaviors
Who is Konrad Lorenz and what did he do? - ANS-Researcher who focused on critical
attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting;
supported the idea that some learned behaviors must take place at pre-determined
stages of development
Daniel Levinson's Stage-Crisis View - ANS-- Early adult transition (17-22)
- Entering the adult world (22-28)
- Age thirty transition (28-33)
- Settling down (33-40)
- Mid-life transition (40-45)
- Entering middle adulthood (45-50)
- Late adulthood transition (60-65)
- Late adulthood (65-80)
Solutions
3 categories of human development - ANS-physical, cognitive, psychosocial
Physical human development - ANS-Biological and physiological growth,
emergence/refinement of gross and fine motor skills (speaking, hand-eye coordination)
Cognitive human development - ANS-Notices and utilizing senses, memory, ability to
imagine, understand abstract concepts, language and processing one's perceptions and
emotions
Psychosocial human development - ANS-Cultivating and nurturing relationships,
contributing to society. How an individual responds to their environment.
According to Erikson, children's development is shaped not only by their genetics but
also by _________ - ANS-society
What is Erik Erickson best known for? - ANS-The importance he plays on the constructs
of conflict negotiation and identity crisis in development of human personality
Trust vs. Mistrust - ANS-Occurs during infancy;
Develops hope
Autonomy vs. shame - ANS-Occurs during ages 1.5-3;
Develops will
Initiative vs. guilt - ANS-Occurs during ages 2-6;
Develops purpose
Industry vs. inferiority - ANS-Ages 6-12;
Develops competence
Identity vs. diffusion - ANS-Ages 12-18;
Develops fidelity (faithfulness)
Intimacy vs. isolation - ANS-Ages 19-40;
Develops love
Generativity vs. self-absorption - ANS-Ages 40-65;
Develops care
,Integrity vs. despair - ANS-Ages 65-death;
Develops wisdom
Erikson believed that experiencing obstacles within any of the age states leads to what?
- ANS-Psychopathology, but positive experiences later in life could provide healing
What does Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory focus on? - ANS-Client's
subconscious and unconscious thoughts and desires;
Internal struggles between biological urges and social expectations
Three influential texts written during the psychoanalysis period (Early 1900s-1970s) -
ANS-The Interpretation of Dreams, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and the Ego and the
Id
When did Freud believe personality development took place? - ANS-Primarily during
childhood
The Id - ANS-Driven to satisfy physical urge (in conflict with the superego)
Seeks to fulfill most basic needs
Impulse
The Superego - ANS-Driven to act in a socially acceptable manner (in conflict with the
Id)
Resistance
The Ego - ANS-Developed by the conflict between the id and the superego;
the basis for individual personality ("the self")
The other name for the ego - ANS-The self
Five stages of psychosexual development - ANS-Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
What did Freud believe would lead to psychopathology? - ANS-The inability to find a
resolution between the id and the superego
What are Piaget's four stages of development? - ANS-Sensorimotor, pre operational,
concrete operational, and formal operational
Piaget's sensorimotor stage - ANS-Birth-2 years old;
learning to interact with environment, using their senses, making sounds;
object permanence
,What is object permanence - ANS-A child realizes that an object or person still exists
even though the child may not be able to see them
Piaget's pre operational stage - ANS-Ages 2-7;
Increasing language skills and developing imagination and a sense of relational time
Piaget's concrete operational stage - ANS-Ages 7-12;
Older children learn to reason and think of others
Piaget's formal operational stage - ANS-Ages 12 and up;
rest of the lifetime; learns to think critically, develop and test hypotheses, and build
deeper relationships
What is Kohlberg known for? - ANS-His work examining how people develop morals
Kohlberg's Moral Development - ANS-Preconventional, conventional, postconventional;
moral development begins in preschool to young childhood age range
Preconventional morality - ANS-First level of Kolhberg's stages;
individuals are influenced by reward and punishment
- Stage 1: orientation to obedience and punishment
- Stage 2: individualism and exchange (learning gray areas to right and wrong)
Conventional morality - ANS-Second level of Kolhberg's stages;
Individuals behave morally to win approval by peers/society and to cultivate positive
relationships
- Stage 3: Good relationships (seeking approval from others)
- Stage 4: Maintaining social order (moral behavior determined by social and cultural
law)
Postconventional morality - ANS-Third level of Kolhberg's stages;
Engage in abstract thinking and develop personal moral principles
- Stage 5: social contract and individual rights (considers society)
- Stage 6: universal principles (moral thinking is influenced by respecting universal
justice for everyone)
What did Kolhberg believe about the 3rd stage of moral development? - ANS-One could
not move to the next stage without mastering the one before it.
Many individuals never reach stages 5 and 6 (considering society and respecting
universal justice for everyone)
Theory of psychosocial development - ANS-Development is not only shaped by
genetics, but also by society
What stage are the oedipus and electra complexes part of in the psychosexual stages
of development? - ANS-Phallic stage
, What is the phallic stage of psychosexual stages of development? - ANS-Ages 3-5;
Theorized by Freud;
Individuals become aware of differences in anatomy and social characteristics between
the two genders
Oedipus complex - ANS-Possessed by young males;
desire to remove the presence of his father to possess his mother
Electra complex - ANS-Possessed by young girls;
desire to remove the presence of the mother in order to possess the father
Who first used the term "attachment"? - ANS-John Bowlby
Attachment theory - ANS-Theorized by Bowlby;
the belief that for a child to develop healthily, he or she must have a strong attachment
with at least one main caretaker
The ability to form a strong attachment as as child provided ________, _________, and
_______ for the individual later in life - ANS-Security, stability and self-esteem
Those with weaker attachments in infancy and young childhood might be more ______
and ______ and ______ willing to engage in new experiences - ANS-Anxious and
tentative;
less willing
What did Harry Harlow's mother-baby monkey experiments show? - ANS-That infants
have an innate need to be held close, kept warm, shown affection and nourished;
Monkeys who did not receive these things showed signs of social impairment,
aggression and other atypical behaviors
Who is Konrad Lorenz and what did he do? - ANS-Researcher who focused on critical
attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting;
supported the idea that some learned behaviors must take place at pre-determined
stages of development
Daniel Levinson's Stage-Crisis View - ANS-- Early adult transition (17-22)
- Entering the adult world (22-28)
- Age thirty transition (28-33)
- Settling down (33-40)
- Mid-life transition (40-45)
- Entering middle adulthood (45-50)
- Late adulthood transition (60-65)
- Late adulthood (65-80)
