2026/2027
Gerontological Nutrition RD & CDR
Senior Diet Expert Comprehensive
Exam Preparation and Test Bank
Review Guide 2026/2027 Edition
Question 1
A nurse is educating a patient on antioxidant nutrients. Which combination of
vitamins are recognized as the primary antioxidant vitamins in human nutrition?
A. Vitamins A, C, and E
B. Vitamins B1, B6, and B12
C. Vitamins D, K, and B2
D. Vitamins C, D, and folate
Correct Answer: A. Vitamins A, C, and E
Rationale: Vitamins A, C, and E are the primary antioxidant vitamins that protect
body cells from oxidative stress and free radical damage. They play a key role in
immune function and cellular protection. The other options include vitamins that are
important for metabolism and bone health but are not classified as primary
antioxidants.
Question 2
Which statement best describes the difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble
vitamins?
A. Both are stored in adipose tissue
B. Water-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver
C. Water-soluble vitamins are excreted in urine and require daily intake
D. Fat-soluble vitamins are rapidly excreted by the kidneys
Correct Answer: C. Water-soluble vitamins are excreted in urine and require
daily intake
Rationale: Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex and C) are not stored significantly in
the body and are excreted through urine, requiring regular dietary intake. Fat-soluble
vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored in the liver and fat tissues and may accumulate to
toxic levels if consumed in excess.
,2026/2027
Question 3
A nurse is educating a patient about the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) diet.
Which description is most accurate?
A. High-protein, low-fat diet for weight gain
B. High-fat ketogenic diet for cholesterol control
C. Diet emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and limited saturated fat
D. High-sodium diet for cardiovascular stability
Correct Answer: C. Diet emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and
limited saturated fat
Rationale: The TLC diet is designed to reduce cardiovascular risk by lowering LDL
cholesterol through increased fiber intake and reduced saturated fat consumption. It
emphasizes plant-based foods and limits animal fats.
Question 4
Omega-3 fatty acids are most beneficial in preventing cardiovascular disease
primarily by:
A. Increasing LDL cholesterol
B. Lowering triglyceride levels
C. Increasing blood glucose
D. Raising blood pressure
Correct Answer: B. Lowering triglyceride levels
Rationale: Omega-3 fatty acids reduce triglycerides, decrease inflammation, and
improve heart health. Fatty fish such as salmon and mackerel are the best dietary
sources.
Question 5
Glucose is classified as:
A. Disaccharide
B. Polysaccharide
C. Monosaccharide
D. Protein derivative
Correct Answer: C. Monosaccharide
Rationale: Glucose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) also known as dextrose and is
the primary energy source for cellular metabolism.
, 2026/2027
Question 6
What is the expected total weight gain for a woman of normal pre-pregnancy BMI?
A. 10–15 lbs
B. 15–20 lbs
C. 25–35 lbs
D. 40–50 lbs
Correct Answer: C. 25–35 lbs
Rationale: Normal-weight pregnant women should gain approximately 25–35 pounds,
with minimal gain in the first trimester and about 1 pound per week thereafter.
Question 7
Which phrase is most appropriate when discussing dietary habits with a patient?
A. Strict diet plan
B. Eating restriction
C. Eating pattern
D. Food limitation
Correct Answer: C. Eating pattern
Rationale: “Eating pattern” is a non-stigmatizing term that reflects long-term dietary
habits rather than restrictive dieting, supporting healthier behavioral change.
Question 8
Which dietary modification should be emphasized in a healthy nutrition plan for
Americans?
A. Increase added sugars
B. Increase fiber intake
C. Increase saturated fat
D. Eliminate carbohydrates
Correct Answer: B. Increase fiber intake
Rationale: Increasing fiber improves gastrointestinal health and reduces chronic
disease risk, while reducing added sugars lowers metabolic and cardiovascular risk.
Question 9
Which foods are major dietary sources of protein?
Gerontological Nutrition RD & CDR
Senior Diet Expert Comprehensive
Exam Preparation and Test Bank
Review Guide 2026/2027 Edition
Question 1
A nurse is educating a patient on antioxidant nutrients. Which combination of
vitamins are recognized as the primary antioxidant vitamins in human nutrition?
A. Vitamins A, C, and E
B. Vitamins B1, B6, and B12
C. Vitamins D, K, and B2
D. Vitamins C, D, and folate
Correct Answer: A. Vitamins A, C, and E
Rationale: Vitamins A, C, and E are the primary antioxidant vitamins that protect
body cells from oxidative stress and free radical damage. They play a key role in
immune function and cellular protection. The other options include vitamins that are
important for metabolism and bone health but are not classified as primary
antioxidants.
Question 2
Which statement best describes the difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble
vitamins?
A. Both are stored in adipose tissue
B. Water-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver
C. Water-soluble vitamins are excreted in urine and require daily intake
D. Fat-soluble vitamins are rapidly excreted by the kidneys
Correct Answer: C. Water-soluble vitamins are excreted in urine and require
daily intake
Rationale: Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex and C) are not stored significantly in
the body and are excreted through urine, requiring regular dietary intake. Fat-soluble
vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored in the liver and fat tissues and may accumulate to
toxic levels if consumed in excess.
,2026/2027
Question 3
A nurse is educating a patient about the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) diet.
Which description is most accurate?
A. High-protein, low-fat diet for weight gain
B. High-fat ketogenic diet for cholesterol control
C. Diet emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and limited saturated fat
D. High-sodium diet for cardiovascular stability
Correct Answer: C. Diet emphasizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and
limited saturated fat
Rationale: The TLC diet is designed to reduce cardiovascular risk by lowering LDL
cholesterol through increased fiber intake and reduced saturated fat consumption. It
emphasizes plant-based foods and limits animal fats.
Question 4
Omega-3 fatty acids are most beneficial in preventing cardiovascular disease
primarily by:
A. Increasing LDL cholesterol
B. Lowering triglyceride levels
C. Increasing blood glucose
D. Raising blood pressure
Correct Answer: B. Lowering triglyceride levels
Rationale: Omega-3 fatty acids reduce triglycerides, decrease inflammation, and
improve heart health. Fatty fish such as salmon and mackerel are the best dietary
sources.
Question 5
Glucose is classified as:
A. Disaccharide
B. Polysaccharide
C. Monosaccharide
D. Protein derivative
Correct Answer: C. Monosaccharide
Rationale: Glucose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) also known as dextrose and is
the primary energy source for cellular metabolism.
, 2026/2027
Question 6
What is the expected total weight gain for a woman of normal pre-pregnancy BMI?
A. 10–15 lbs
B. 15–20 lbs
C. 25–35 lbs
D. 40–50 lbs
Correct Answer: C. 25–35 lbs
Rationale: Normal-weight pregnant women should gain approximately 25–35 pounds,
with minimal gain in the first trimester and about 1 pound per week thereafter.
Question 7
Which phrase is most appropriate when discussing dietary habits with a patient?
A. Strict diet plan
B. Eating restriction
C. Eating pattern
D. Food limitation
Correct Answer: C. Eating pattern
Rationale: “Eating pattern” is a non-stigmatizing term that reflects long-term dietary
habits rather than restrictive dieting, supporting healthier behavioral change.
Question 8
Which dietary modification should be emphasized in a healthy nutrition plan for
Americans?
A. Increase added sugars
B. Increase fiber intake
C. Increase saturated fat
D. Eliminate carbohydrates
Correct Answer: B. Increase fiber intake
Rationale: Increasing fiber improves gastrointestinal health and reduces chronic
disease risk, while reducing added sugars lowers metabolic and cardiovascular risk.
Question 9
Which foods are major dietary sources of protein?
