NURS N512 Midterm Study Guide (Week 1) S0lved
100% Correct
Hypertrophy
Solution: Increase in cell size due to increased workload (e.g., left ventricular
hypertrophy in hypertension).
Hyperplasia
Solution: Increase in cell number, often hormonal or compensatory (e.g., endometrial
hyperplasia).
Atrophy
Solution: Decrease in cell size/function due to disuse, denervation, or ischemia.
Metaplasia
Solution: Reversible substitution of one cell type for another (e.g., squamous metaplasia
in smokers).
Dysplasia
Solution: Disordered cell growth, often precancerous (e.g., cervical dysplasia).
Necrosis
Solution: Irreversible cell death; types include coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat,
fibrinoid.
Apoptosis
Solution: Programmed cell death; essential for tissue homeostasis.
Hypoxia
Solution: Oxygen deprivation → ATP depletion → cell swelling and death.
Free Radical Injury
Solution: ROS damage lipids, proteins, DNA → oxidative stress.
Inflammation Phases
Solution: Vascular response, cellular response, resolution/healing.
Acute vs Chronic Inflammation
Solution: Acute = neutrophils, short duration; Chronic = macrophages, lymphocytes,
fibrosis.
Innate Immunity
Solution: First line defense: barriers, phagocytes, NK cells, complement.
, Adaptive Immunity
Solution: Specific response: B cells (antibodies), T cells (cell-mediated).
Complement System
Solution: Enhances opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis.
Fever Mechanism
Solution: Pyrogens → hypothalamic reset → increased body temperature.
Genetic Mutations
Solution: Point, frameshift, deletion, insertion → altered protein function.
Oncogenes
Solution: Mutated proto-oncogenes → uncontrolled cell growth.
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Solution: Loss of function (e.g., p53) → impaired apoptosis → cancer.
Fragile X Syndrome
Solution: CGG repeat expansion → abnormal synaptic development → intellectual
disability.
Sickle Cell Disease
Solution: HbS polymerization → vaso-occlusion, hemolysis, anemia.
Cystic Fibrosis
Solution: CFTR mutation → thick mucus → lung infections, pancreatic insufficiency.
Huntington’s Disease
Solution: CAG repeat expansion → neurodegeneration → chorea, dementia.
Down Syndrome
Solution: Trisomy 21 → developmental delay, congenital heart defects.
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Solution: Plaque rupture → thrombus → ischemia → necrosis.
Heart Failure
Solution: Impaired cardiac output → fluid retention, pulmonary edema.
Hypertension
Solution: Increased vascular resistance → LV hypertrophy → end-organ damage.
Asthma
Solution: Airway hyperreactivity → inflammation → reversible obstruction.
100% Correct
Hypertrophy
Solution: Increase in cell size due to increased workload (e.g., left ventricular
hypertrophy in hypertension).
Hyperplasia
Solution: Increase in cell number, often hormonal or compensatory (e.g., endometrial
hyperplasia).
Atrophy
Solution: Decrease in cell size/function due to disuse, denervation, or ischemia.
Metaplasia
Solution: Reversible substitution of one cell type for another (e.g., squamous metaplasia
in smokers).
Dysplasia
Solution: Disordered cell growth, often precancerous (e.g., cervical dysplasia).
Necrosis
Solution: Irreversible cell death; types include coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat,
fibrinoid.
Apoptosis
Solution: Programmed cell death; essential for tissue homeostasis.
Hypoxia
Solution: Oxygen deprivation → ATP depletion → cell swelling and death.
Free Radical Injury
Solution: ROS damage lipids, proteins, DNA → oxidative stress.
Inflammation Phases
Solution: Vascular response, cellular response, resolution/healing.
Acute vs Chronic Inflammation
Solution: Acute = neutrophils, short duration; Chronic = macrophages, lymphocytes,
fibrosis.
Innate Immunity
Solution: First line defense: barriers, phagocytes, NK cells, complement.
, Adaptive Immunity
Solution: Specific response: B cells (antibodies), T cells (cell-mediated).
Complement System
Solution: Enhances opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis.
Fever Mechanism
Solution: Pyrogens → hypothalamic reset → increased body temperature.
Genetic Mutations
Solution: Point, frameshift, deletion, insertion → altered protein function.
Oncogenes
Solution: Mutated proto-oncogenes → uncontrolled cell growth.
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Solution: Loss of function (e.g., p53) → impaired apoptosis → cancer.
Fragile X Syndrome
Solution: CGG repeat expansion → abnormal synaptic development → intellectual
disability.
Sickle Cell Disease
Solution: HbS polymerization → vaso-occlusion, hemolysis, anemia.
Cystic Fibrosis
Solution: CFTR mutation → thick mucus → lung infections, pancreatic insufficiency.
Huntington’s Disease
Solution: CAG repeat expansion → neurodegeneration → chorea, dementia.
Down Syndrome
Solution: Trisomy 21 → developmental delay, congenital heart defects.
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Solution: Plaque rupture → thrombus → ischemia → necrosis.
Heart Failure
Solution: Impaired cardiac output → fluid retention, pulmonary edema.
Hypertension
Solution: Increased vascular resistance → LV hypertrophy → end-organ damage.
Asthma
Solution: Airway hyperreactivity → inflammation → reversible obstruction.
