Page 1 of 35
uyton and Hall Textbook of Medical
Physiology 14th Edition by John E. Hall;
Michael E. Hall, Chapters 1 – 86
1. The resting membrane potential of a typical nerve cell is
approximately:
A) –90 mV B) –70 mV C) –55 mV D) +35 mV
Answer: B
Rationale: The resting membrane potential in large neurons is about
–70 mV, mainly due to the diffusion of potassium ions out of the
cell through leak channels.
2. The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump transports:
A) 2 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in B) 3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in C) 2 Na⁺ out, 3 K⁺
in D) 3 Na⁺ in, 2 K⁺ out
,Page 2 of 35
Answer: B
Rationale: The pump uses one ATP to move 3 sodium ions out and
2 potassium ions in, maintaining the concentration gradients.
3. The absolute refractory period of a neuron is due to:
A) Activation of potassium channels B) Inactivation of
voltage-gated sodium channels C) Opening of calcium channels
D) Closure of leak channels
Answer: B
Rationale: During the absolute refractory period, voltage-gated
sodium channels are inactivated and cannot reopen, preventing
another action potential.
4. Which of the following is an example of facilitated
diffusion?
A) Movement of O₂ across the alveolar membrane B) Glucose
transport into a muscle cell via GLUT4 C) Sodium-glucose
cotransport in the kidney D) Phagocytosis of bacteria
,Page 3 of 35
Answer: B
Rationale: GLUT4 transports glucose down its concentration
gradient via a carrier protein without energy expenditure –
facilitated diffusion.
5. Second messengers include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) cAMP B) IP₃ C) DAG D) ATP
Answer: D
Rationale: ATP is an energy source, not a second messenger.
Common second messengers are cAMP, cGMP, IP₃, DAG, and
Ca²⁺.
6. Scenario: A patient is stung by a bee and develops widespread
vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and hypotension. Which
cell-derived mediator is primarily responsible?
A) Histamine B) Prostaglandin E₂ C) Leukotriene D₄ D)
Platelet-activating factor
, Page 4 of 35
Answer: A
Rationale: Histamine released from mast cells causes arteriolar
dilation, increased capillary permeability, and bronchial smooth
muscle contraction – key in anaphylaxis.
7. The primary function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in
muscle cells is to:
A) Synthesize ATP B) Store calcium ions C) Transmit action
potentials D) Produce myosin filaments
Answer: B
Rationale: The sarcoplasmic reticulum sequesters Ca²⁺; release of
Ca²⁺ triggers muscle contraction.
8. Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?
A) Striated appearance B) Voluntary control C) Tonic
contraction without fatigue D) Presence of troponin
uyton and Hall Textbook of Medical
Physiology 14th Edition by John E. Hall;
Michael E. Hall, Chapters 1 – 86
1. The resting membrane potential of a typical nerve cell is
approximately:
A) –90 mV B) –70 mV C) –55 mV D) +35 mV
Answer: B
Rationale: The resting membrane potential in large neurons is about
–70 mV, mainly due to the diffusion of potassium ions out of the
cell through leak channels.
2. The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump transports:
A) 2 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in B) 3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in C) 2 Na⁺ out, 3 K⁺
in D) 3 Na⁺ in, 2 K⁺ out
,Page 2 of 35
Answer: B
Rationale: The pump uses one ATP to move 3 sodium ions out and
2 potassium ions in, maintaining the concentration gradients.
3. The absolute refractory period of a neuron is due to:
A) Activation of potassium channels B) Inactivation of
voltage-gated sodium channels C) Opening of calcium channels
D) Closure of leak channels
Answer: B
Rationale: During the absolute refractory period, voltage-gated
sodium channels are inactivated and cannot reopen, preventing
another action potential.
4. Which of the following is an example of facilitated
diffusion?
A) Movement of O₂ across the alveolar membrane B) Glucose
transport into a muscle cell via GLUT4 C) Sodium-glucose
cotransport in the kidney D) Phagocytosis of bacteria
,Page 3 of 35
Answer: B
Rationale: GLUT4 transports glucose down its concentration
gradient via a carrier protein without energy expenditure –
facilitated diffusion.
5. Second messengers include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) cAMP B) IP₃ C) DAG D) ATP
Answer: D
Rationale: ATP is an energy source, not a second messenger.
Common second messengers are cAMP, cGMP, IP₃, DAG, and
Ca²⁺.
6. Scenario: A patient is stung by a bee and develops widespread
vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and hypotension. Which
cell-derived mediator is primarily responsible?
A) Histamine B) Prostaglandin E₂ C) Leukotriene D₄ D)
Platelet-activating factor
, Page 4 of 35
Answer: A
Rationale: Histamine released from mast cells causes arteriolar
dilation, increased capillary permeability, and bronchial smooth
muscle contraction – key in anaphylaxis.
7. The primary function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in
muscle cells is to:
A) Synthesize ATP B) Store calcium ions C) Transmit action
potentials D) Produce myosin filaments
Answer: B
Rationale: The sarcoplasmic reticulum sequesters Ca²⁺; release of
Ca²⁺ triggers muscle contraction.
8. Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?
A) Striated appearance B) Voluntary control C) Tonic
contraction without fatigue D) Presence of troponin
