SHS 485 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS(UPDATED 2026) VERIFIED||
GRADED A+
gray matter
dendrites and cell bodies of neurons
white matter
myelinated axons (axon tracts)
sulci
shallow grooves (valleys)
gyri
elevated ridges (hills)
cortex
- outer layer of the cerebellum
- gray matter
- aka the "bark"
subcortex
- a term referring to all brain structures below the cerebral cortex
- white matter, subcortical nuclei, ventricles
primary cortex
regions of the cerebral cortex that are involved directly with motor control or sensory
input (either the first stop in, or the last stop out)
non-primary cortex
,everything in between, referred to collectively as association cortex
primary visual cortex
the region of the posterior occipital lobe (calcarine sulcus) whose primary input is from
the visual system
primary auditory cortex
the region of the superior temporal lobe (Heschl's gyrus) whose primary input is from
the auditory system
primary somatosensory cortex
the region of the anterior parietal lobe (post-central gyrus) whose primary input is from
the somatosensory system
primary motor cortex
the region of the posterior frontal lobe (pre-central gyrus) that contains neurons that
control movements of skeletal muscles (last stop out of the cortex for movement)
cerebellum
- two hemispheres
- cortex (outer layer)
- motor control: speech, walking, other fine-tune movements
- higher cognitive functions (language)
- ex. field sobriety test
basal ganglia
- caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus (diencephalon),
subtantia nigra (brainstem)
,- group of cell bodies with similar function that regulates motor function; also appears to
be involved in cognitive function
ischemic stroke
- blockage of blood flow in an artery
- affected tissue is relatively easy to identify
hemorrhagic stroke
- rupture of an artery
- difficult to know where bleeding is coming from, deficits are common
phrenology
- an ill-fated theory by Franz Joseph Gall that stated that the brain is componsed of a
set of mental organs each involved in different cognitive function or trait
- his theory was correct, however his method was wrong (measured different parts of
people's brains because he thought larger size meant greater abilities)
what was correct about phrenology?
- cortex is functionally specialized
- development of function correlated with size of cortical area
what was incorrect about phrenology?
- well developed cortical areas pushed on skull and produced palpable bumps
- therefore, correlations between traits and bump patterns reveal the functional
organization of cortex
left hemisphere of brain
deals with details and specifics, as well as the linguistic domain (local processing)
right hemisphere of brain
, deals with the "big picture" and the visuospatial domain (global processing)
attentional deficits in RHD
- problems with processing and accessing sensory information
- anosognosia
- proprioception
- left neglect
visuospatial deficits in RHD
- topographic disorientation
- constructional apraxia
- prosopagnosia
auditory deficits in RHD
- amusia
- phonagnosia
social & emotional deficits in RHD
- aprosodia
- emotional agnosia
- pragmatics
Theory of Mind deficits in RHD
- creates problems with understanding others intentions, sarcasm, etc
- RHD patients often have a problem with understanding speaker meaning
- this is especially true for non-literal language (metaphor, sarcasm, indirect requests,
humor)
- may be another aspect of the global deficit (building “the big picture”)
ANSWERS(UPDATED 2026) VERIFIED||
GRADED A+
gray matter
dendrites and cell bodies of neurons
white matter
myelinated axons (axon tracts)
sulci
shallow grooves (valleys)
gyri
elevated ridges (hills)
cortex
- outer layer of the cerebellum
- gray matter
- aka the "bark"
subcortex
- a term referring to all brain structures below the cerebral cortex
- white matter, subcortical nuclei, ventricles
primary cortex
regions of the cerebral cortex that are involved directly with motor control or sensory
input (either the first stop in, or the last stop out)
non-primary cortex
,everything in between, referred to collectively as association cortex
primary visual cortex
the region of the posterior occipital lobe (calcarine sulcus) whose primary input is from
the visual system
primary auditory cortex
the region of the superior temporal lobe (Heschl's gyrus) whose primary input is from
the auditory system
primary somatosensory cortex
the region of the anterior parietal lobe (post-central gyrus) whose primary input is from
the somatosensory system
primary motor cortex
the region of the posterior frontal lobe (pre-central gyrus) that contains neurons that
control movements of skeletal muscles (last stop out of the cortex for movement)
cerebellum
- two hemispheres
- cortex (outer layer)
- motor control: speech, walking, other fine-tune movements
- higher cognitive functions (language)
- ex. field sobriety test
basal ganglia
- caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus (diencephalon),
subtantia nigra (brainstem)
,- group of cell bodies with similar function that regulates motor function; also appears to
be involved in cognitive function
ischemic stroke
- blockage of blood flow in an artery
- affected tissue is relatively easy to identify
hemorrhagic stroke
- rupture of an artery
- difficult to know where bleeding is coming from, deficits are common
phrenology
- an ill-fated theory by Franz Joseph Gall that stated that the brain is componsed of a
set of mental organs each involved in different cognitive function or trait
- his theory was correct, however his method was wrong (measured different parts of
people's brains because he thought larger size meant greater abilities)
what was correct about phrenology?
- cortex is functionally specialized
- development of function correlated with size of cortical area
what was incorrect about phrenology?
- well developed cortical areas pushed on skull and produced palpable bumps
- therefore, correlations between traits and bump patterns reveal the functional
organization of cortex
left hemisphere of brain
deals with details and specifics, as well as the linguistic domain (local processing)
right hemisphere of brain
, deals with the "big picture" and the visuospatial domain (global processing)
attentional deficits in RHD
- problems with processing and accessing sensory information
- anosognosia
- proprioception
- left neglect
visuospatial deficits in RHD
- topographic disorientation
- constructional apraxia
- prosopagnosia
auditory deficits in RHD
- amusia
- phonagnosia
social & emotional deficits in RHD
- aprosodia
- emotional agnosia
- pragmatics
Theory of Mind deficits in RHD
- creates problems with understanding others intentions, sarcasm, etc
- RHD patients often have a problem with understanding speaker meaning
- this is especially true for non-literal language (metaphor, sarcasm, indirect requests,
humor)
- may be another aspect of the global deficit (building “the big picture”)
