NURS 6501 FINAL EXAM ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM PREPARATION PACK
2026 KEY CONCEPTS AND REVISION NOTES
◉ mitochondria.
Answer: Organelle that contains the code needed for oxidative
phosphorylation is:
a. mitochondria
b. lysosomes
c. nucleus
d. vacuoles
◉ Apoptosis.
Answer: Programmed cell death is an active process of cellular self-
destruction. It is also referred to as
a. apoptosis
b. necrosis
c. metastatic calcification
d. gangrene
◉ Histones.
,Answer: The nucleolus is a small dense structure composed mainly
of RNA and cellular DNA. What causes the DNA to bind and fold into
chromosomes?
a. amino acid sequences
b. histones
c. polymerase
d. miRNA
◉ x-linked recessive disease.
Answer: Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy is never transmitted from
father to son. It is a good example of
a. sex-linked recessive disease
b. autosomal dominant disease
c. x-linked recessive disease
d. chromosome structure abnormality disease
◉ Eosinophils.
Answer: Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite
invasion?
a. t lymphocytes
b. neutrophils
c. eosinophils
d. b lymphocytes
,◉ classic.
Answer: Which pathway in the complement system is activated by
an antigen-antibody response?
a. lectin
b. classic
c. alternative
d. none of the above
◉ severe loss of CD4 Th cells.
Answer: The hallmark of AIDS profound immunosuppression,
results from:
a. proper function of helper t cells
b. infection of b cells
c. severe loss of CD4 Th cells
d. none of the above
◉ exotoxins.
Answer: These are proteins released by bacteria during growth.
a. endotoxins
b. TNF
c. exotoxins
, d. pili
◉ True.
Answer: Activation of the complement cascade may destroy
pathogens directly and can activate with virtually every other
component of the inflammatory response.
True/False
◉ Considering the hypothalamus, a fever is produced by:
A) endogenous pyrogen acting directly on the hypothalamus
B) exogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus
C) immune complexes acting indirectly on the hypothalamus
D) cytokines acting indirectly on the hypothalamus.
Answer: Ans: A- endogenous pyrogen acting directly on the
hypothalamus
◉ gram-negative bacteria.
Answer: One of the leading causes of death in the intensive care unit
is the release of sufficient amounts of endotoxin resulting in
endotoxic (septic) shock. The most common cause is:
a. cachectin
b. fungi
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM PREPARATION PACK
2026 KEY CONCEPTS AND REVISION NOTES
◉ mitochondria.
Answer: Organelle that contains the code needed for oxidative
phosphorylation is:
a. mitochondria
b. lysosomes
c. nucleus
d. vacuoles
◉ Apoptosis.
Answer: Programmed cell death is an active process of cellular self-
destruction. It is also referred to as
a. apoptosis
b. necrosis
c. metastatic calcification
d. gangrene
◉ Histones.
,Answer: The nucleolus is a small dense structure composed mainly
of RNA and cellular DNA. What causes the DNA to bind and fold into
chromosomes?
a. amino acid sequences
b. histones
c. polymerase
d. miRNA
◉ x-linked recessive disease.
Answer: Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy is never transmitted from
father to son. It is a good example of
a. sex-linked recessive disease
b. autosomal dominant disease
c. x-linked recessive disease
d. chromosome structure abnormality disease
◉ Eosinophils.
Answer: Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite
invasion?
a. t lymphocytes
b. neutrophils
c. eosinophils
d. b lymphocytes
,◉ classic.
Answer: Which pathway in the complement system is activated by
an antigen-antibody response?
a. lectin
b. classic
c. alternative
d. none of the above
◉ severe loss of CD4 Th cells.
Answer: The hallmark of AIDS profound immunosuppression,
results from:
a. proper function of helper t cells
b. infection of b cells
c. severe loss of CD4 Th cells
d. none of the above
◉ exotoxins.
Answer: These are proteins released by bacteria during growth.
a. endotoxins
b. TNF
c. exotoxins
, d. pili
◉ True.
Answer: Activation of the complement cascade may destroy
pathogens directly and can activate with virtually every other
component of the inflammatory response.
True/False
◉ Considering the hypothalamus, a fever is produced by:
A) endogenous pyrogen acting directly on the hypothalamus
B) exogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus
C) immune complexes acting indirectly on the hypothalamus
D) cytokines acting indirectly on the hypothalamus.
Answer: Ans: A- endogenous pyrogen acting directly on the
hypothalamus
◉ gram-negative bacteria.
Answer: One of the leading causes of death in the intensive care unit
is the release of sufficient amounts of endotoxin resulting in
endotoxic (septic) shock. The most common cause is:
a. cachectin
b. fungi
