Outline and evaluate research related to the features of short term memory
Coding- format in which info is stored Duration- length of time info held in STM Capacity - Jacob- carried out a digit span test
STM- information you are currently aware of, after Peterson &Peterson- 24 participants, each given to check how much info STM can hold at a time.
paying attention to sensory receptor. a nonsense trigram and a 3-digit number, which
they had to count down until asked to stop. This 4 digits/ letters were given to participants
Baddley- Presented 4 word lists with either stops rehearsal. and they were asked to recall in the right
acoustically similar/ dissimilar words or order, the number kept increasing until
semantically similar/ dissimilar words, asked to Asked to stop and recall after either 3, 6,9,18 participant could no longer recall in the right
remember as many words in right order. seconds. This is retention period. order.
Independent groups – one had to recall after 20 Very little stays in STM after 18sec (only 10% Majority could only recall up to 9 digits/ 7
min (2nd) or right after (1st) right at 18 sec), short duration if not rehearsed. letters
Longer the interval= less accurate recall.
1st group- harder to recall acoustically similar, 2nd Miller- organizing digits/ letters into chunks
– semantically similar, STM codes acoustically. increases capacity so more info can be
stored. He also said capacity of STM is 7+/-2
items.
Duration LTM Low ecological validity Artificial Stimuli - coding
Bahrick- 392 participants, aged 17- 74, high P&P had low ecological validity as they were Artificial stimuli were used rather than
school yearbooks obtained from each and photo asked to recall a nonsense trigram, which is meaningful ones. They had no personal
recognition test or free recall name test w/o artificial. meaning to participants.
yearbook.
This is unlike something they would have to do For example, when processing more
Participants tested within 15 years of graduation in real life, which may be more meaningful so we meaningful information, people may use
were 90% accurate in photo recognition. After 48 are unable to generalize the results on memory. semantic coding even for STM tasks.
years declined to 70%.
Therefore, we cannot be sure the duration is this Therefore, we cannot generalize the findings
Free recall in 15 years was 60% and 30% after 48 short for something important likes a phone to different memory tasks.
years. This shows LTM lasts very long. number.
Coding- format in which info is stored Duration- length of time info held in STM Capacity - Jacob- carried out a digit span test
STM- information you are currently aware of, after Peterson &Peterson- 24 participants, each given to check how much info STM can hold at a time.
paying attention to sensory receptor. a nonsense trigram and a 3-digit number, which
they had to count down until asked to stop. This 4 digits/ letters were given to participants
Baddley- Presented 4 word lists with either stops rehearsal. and they were asked to recall in the right
acoustically similar/ dissimilar words or order, the number kept increasing until
semantically similar/ dissimilar words, asked to Asked to stop and recall after either 3, 6,9,18 participant could no longer recall in the right
remember as many words in right order. seconds. This is retention period. order.
Independent groups – one had to recall after 20 Very little stays in STM after 18sec (only 10% Majority could only recall up to 9 digits/ 7
min (2nd) or right after (1st) right at 18 sec), short duration if not rehearsed. letters
Longer the interval= less accurate recall.
1st group- harder to recall acoustically similar, 2nd Miller- organizing digits/ letters into chunks
– semantically similar, STM codes acoustically. increases capacity so more info can be
stored. He also said capacity of STM is 7+/-2
items.
Duration LTM Low ecological validity Artificial Stimuli - coding
Bahrick- 392 participants, aged 17- 74, high P&P had low ecological validity as they were Artificial stimuli were used rather than
school yearbooks obtained from each and photo asked to recall a nonsense trigram, which is meaningful ones. They had no personal
recognition test or free recall name test w/o artificial. meaning to participants.
yearbook.
This is unlike something they would have to do For example, when processing more
Participants tested within 15 years of graduation in real life, which may be more meaningful so we meaningful information, people may use
were 90% accurate in photo recognition. After 48 are unable to generalize the results on memory. semantic coding even for STM tasks.
years declined to 70%.
Therefore, we cannot be sure the duration is this Therefore, we cannot generalize the findings
Free recall in 15 years was 60% and 30% after 48 short for something important likes a phone to different memory tasks.
years. This shows LTM lasts very long. number.
