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Summary Lecture Notes Victimology and Criminal Justice System | KU Leuven | 2025/26

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Lecture notes from the Victimology and the Criminal Justice System course at KU Leuven.

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Victimology and the criminal justice system
Week 1: Introduction

Victimology: history and perspectives

- Victimology: since when?

 D: 1985

Excerpt 1 (p.2)

- Importance of different feelings and different emotions

- The importance of victims’ experiences with criminal justice actors

- The manner in which this influences and interacts with the primary experience of victimisation

- The way others react to victimisation:

 The importance of explanations and sense-making

 The difference/ conflict between the reaction of the social surroundings and the victim’s
experiences

- Importance of the way people experience their own victimization

 “Phenomenology” of victimization

Excerpt 2 (p.3 and 10)

- Societal reaction to victimisation

 You must have done something to deserve it

 ‘Just world theory’

- Victimization statistics

 How do we know that only one in ten rapes are reported?

- The conflicting demands of viewing victimisation:

- Sympathy for the victim, distress and aversion for the situation

- Recognition of the need for relief and restoration, but lack of practical abilities to do so

- ‘The criminal and his victim’ from 1948

- Seen to be the founder of victimology

‘Victim precipitation’

- Von Hentig: ‘why in history has everyone always focused on the guy with the big stick, the hero, the
activist, to the neglect of the poor slob who is at the end of the stick, the victim, the passivist – or
maybe, the poor slob (in bandages) isn’t all that much of a passivist victim – maybe he asked for it?’

- Role of the victim in the event of crime

- Positive: how can (potential) victims protect themselves, see also crime prevention.

1

,- Negative: should we blame the victim for his or her conduct?

Victims in the criminal justice system

The good:

 Procedural justice

 Victims rights

 Restorative justice

The bad:

 Victim blaming

 Secondary victimisation

Week 2: Victimology: history and perspectives

Different perspectives on victimology

- International legal perspectives?

- Criminological perspectives

- Social psychological perspectives

- Justice perspectives

- Clinical psychological perspectives

- Critical perspectives

- Narrative perspectives

The crime of genocide

- Wannsee

- Hitler maakte gebruik van genocide, hij maakte duidelijk dat het om meer gaat dan die mensen
gewoon te vermoorden, het gaat ook over de wereld laten vergeten dat die mensen bestaan hebben

1948: Lemkin: the crime of genocide (Sands, 2016)

- Genocide convention:

 International crimes/ Crimes against humanity”

1947: If this is a man

- Primo Levi: If this is a man, aka Survival in Auschwitz

- See also Jean Amery At the minds limits

- Experiences with the Shoah as important victimological work




2

,International legal perspectives

- Truth commissions  most well-known Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa

- International Criminal Tribunals of Yugoslavia and Rwanda in the 1990s

- Rome-statute 1998

- Supranational victimology/ criminology: very recent  most work in this area does not refer to
victimology

Coined the word victimology? Benjamin Mendelsohn

- Rumanian Lawyer

- Coined the word “victimology”

Hans Von Hentig

- German professor

- Fled to the US from Nazi-Germany

- ‘The criminal and his victim’ from 1948

- Seen to be the founder of victimology

- Hans Von Hentig wordt gezien als de grondlegger van de victimologie. Het was in Duitse hoogleraar
strafrecht, die in WO I nog in het Duitse leger had gezeten. Hitler vroeg hem of hij niet een hoge
positie in de NSDAP wilde krijgen. Hij deed het niet alleen niet, maar vluchtte meteen als gevolg
hiervan naar de VS, en schreef mede vanwege de verschrikkingen van de Tweede Wereldoorlog het
boek The Criminal and His Victim in 1948.

- Dat boek wordt gezien als het startpunt van de victimologie, alhoewel het in hoofdstuk ging over de
dader.

‘Victim precipitation’

- Von Hentig:

- ‘why in history has everyone always focused on the guy with the big stick, the hero, the activist, to
the neglect of the poor slob who is at the end of the stick, the victim, the passivist – or maybe, the
poor slob (in bandages) isn’t all that much of a passivist victim – maybe he asked for it?’

- Role of the victim in the event of crime

- Positive: how can (potential) victims protect themselves, see also crime prevention.

- Negative: should we blame the victim for his or her conduct?

- Von Hentig stelde echter wel aan de orde of de studie van criminaliteit niet te eenzijdig was: het
ging louter over de plegers van criminaliteit en veronachtzaamde de rol de slachtoffers speelden.

- Het gaat dus bij hem niet zo zeer over de gevolgen van slachtofferschap, zoals een groot deel van de
victimologie na hem, of om de oorzaken in het algemeen, maar over de rol die individuele
slachtoffers spelen in de totstandkoming van criminaliteit.




3

, - Deze ‘victim precipitation’ heeft vanuit het oogpunt van slachtoffers positieve kanten, preventie
criminaliteit, uitgaan van slachtoffers kracht

- Maar ook negatieve kanten: kan slachtoffers de schuld geven: erom vragen.

Examples of the negative and the positive

- Amir: Patterns in Forcible Rape (1973)

- Emphasized the role of victims of rape in their victimization

- Victimological risk analysis: who runs the most risk of being victimized?

Who is the more likely victim?




- Ook voor personen: de charmante dame rechts is een 75-jarige inwoner van Renkum, ze bridget
graag, woont met haar man in een huis bij de bossen.

- En rechts is haar kleinzoon: studeert sociale wetenschappen in Utrecht, woont op kamers, gaat drie
of vier keer in de week uit.

 de man heeft eigenlijk veel meer risico om een slachtoffer te worden, maar dat zou je op uiterlijk
niet zeggen

Other main issues in criminological victimology

- Fear of crime => hoe bang zijn mensen om slachtoffer te worden en hoe correleert dit met het echte
risico dat ze slachtoffer worden

- Impact of victimization on punitiveness

- Repeat victimization => wat doen mensen om niet nog eens slachtoffer te worden

- How do we know these things?

 Answer: crime victim surveys

- What is the main purpose of crime victim surveys?

 Answer: measure the volume (prevalence and incidence) of crime, including the “dark number”

 om meer vertrouwenswaardige cijfers te geven over criminaliteit, de officiële statistieken zijn niet
altijd even betrouwbaar




4

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