UTMB ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
5355 MODULE 6.2 PULMONARY ACTUAL
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ Normal function of Endothelin.
Answer: Potent vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure. Normally
balanced with Nitric oxide.
◉ cardiomyopathy.
Answer: disease of the heart muscle, can be primary or secondary
◉ Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
Answer: increase compliance in ventricle, higher volumes but
decreased contractility
◉ hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Answer: usually inherited, heart muscle enlarges and thickens
without obvious cause
, ◉ restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Answer: ventricles become stiff and rigid but walls of heart do not
thicken, ventricles do not relax and fill with normal blood volume
◉ Arrhythmogenic RV Cardiomyopathy.
Answer: rare type, muscle tissue in R ventricle is replaced with
fatty/fibrous tissue causing arrhythmias
◉ How does smoking contribute to the development of
cardiovascular disease?.
Answer: Nicotine stimulates release of catecholamines (epinephrine
and norepinephrine) which are potent vasoconstrictors. Increases
heart rate and blood pressure, which increase cardiac workload .
Cigarettes are associated with increased LDL, decrease HDL, and
contributes to vessel inflammation and thrombosis. generates free
radicals. Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease causes inflammation
and triggering of cytokines that increase protease activity and
inhibit normal endogenous antiproteases in lung.
◉ RAAS and Cardiovascular System:.
Answer: the renin angiotensin system causes retention of sodium
and water which causes an increase in blood pressure
◉ C-reactive protein (CRP) in cardiovascular disease.
5355 MODULE 6.2 PULMONARY ACTUAL
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ Normal function of Endothelin.
Answer: Potent vasoconstrictor that raises blood pressure. Normally
balanced with Nitric oxide.
◉ cardiomyopathy.
Answer: disease of the heart muscle, can be primary or secondary
◉ Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
Answer: increase compliance in ventricle, higher volumes but
decreased contractility
◉ hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Answer: usually inherited, heart muscle enlarges and thickens
without obvious cause
, ◉ restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Answer: ventricles become stiff and rigid but walls of heart do not
thicken, ventricles do not relax and fill with normal blood volume
◉ Arrhythmogenic RV Cardiomyopathy.
Answer: rare type, muscle tissue in R ventricle is replaced with
fatty/fibrous tissue causing arrhythmias
◉ How does smoking contribute to the development of
cardiovascular disease?.
Answer: Nicotine stimulates release of catecholamines (epinephrine
and norepinephrine) which are potent vasoconstrictors. Increases
heart rate and blood pressure, which increase cardiac workload .
Cigarettes are associated with increased LDL, decrease HDL, and
contributes to vessel inflammation and thrombosis. generates free
radicals. Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease causes inflammation
and triggering of cytokines that increase protease activity and
inhibit normal endogenous antiproteases in lung.
◉ RAAS and Cardiovascular System:.
Answer: the renin angiotensin system causes retention of sodium
and water which causes an increase in blood pressure
◉ C-reactive protein (CRP) in cardiovascular disease.
