lOMoAR cPSD| 67756003
Exam 2 Foundations Study Guide
Nutrition:
• Nutrients from vitamins, amino acids, & carbs
• Malnourished = missing 1 nutrient
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR) – Minimum of calories needed to maintain body weight
• Anabolism – simple material
• Catabolism – breaks down complex material -> Simple
• Macronutrients – carbs, fats, proteins, water
• Micronutrients – minerals and vitamins
• 8% of our Fluids = Plasma Carbohydrates
- 4 cal/g
Carb restricted diets
- 50% from carbs
- Simple – quick energy
Diabetic
- Complex
Keto
1. Starch
Atkins 2. Fiber – Gut health, BP, Glycemic Index (helps process carbs)
- Soluble – break down with water (MiraLAX)
Paleo - Insoluble – bulking (banana flakes)
• Fats
- 9 cal/g
- 20 – 30% from fat
- ADEK = Fat-soluble Vitamins - Liver
- Unsaturated “essential” fatty acids = omega-3 and omega-6
Good fats – help with clotting,
brain/nerve/muscle function
• Proteins
- 4cal/g
- 15% calories from proteins
- Amino Acids = building blocks
- A. Complete
- Essential amino acids (animals – beef)
B. Incomplete
- Lacks one or more essential amino acid (beans, veggies, nuts, lagoons)
• Water
- 60% of adult bodyweight
- 45-50% of the elderly
- 75% of infants
- 2/3 of water are in the cells
, lOMoAR cPSD| 67756003
🌈 Fat-Soluble Vitamins LIVER
Vitamin Key Roles Food Sources Fun Fact / Mnemonic
👁️ Vision (especially
🧡 Vitamin night) 🐟 Liver, 🥚 Eggs, 🥕 Carrots, 🍠 Sweet A = Antioxidant for
A 🛡️ Immunity potatoes, 🥬 Spinach vision
💅 Skin & cell growth
🌞 Vitamin 🦴 Calcium absorption 🌞 Sunlight, 🐟 Fatty fish, 🥚 Egg yolk, 🥛 D for "Daylight" ☀️
D Fortified milk
🛡️ Immunity
💪 Muscle function
💚 Vitamin 🛡️ Antioxidant 🥜 Nuts, 🌻 Seeds, 🥬 Leafy greens, 🛢️ Ese = "eds"E for skin &
E Vegetable oils
💅 Skin & cell membrane
health
💙 Vitamin 🩸 Blood clotting 🥬 Kale, 🥦 Broccoli, 🛢️ Oils, 🧫 Gut bacteria K for "Klotting" 🩸
K
🦴 Bone health
(Large intestine synthesis)
📌 Quick Tips:
• ✅ Stored in fat, not water — can build up in body
• ⚠️ Risk of toxicity if taken in large supplement doses 💊 Best absorbed with
dietary fat (e.g., oil, nuts)
🌊 Water-Soluble Vitamins Study Guide KIDNEY
Exam 2 Foundations Study Guide
Nutrition:
• Nutrients from vitamins, amino acids, & carbs
• Malnourished = missing 1 nutrient
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR) – Minimum of calories needed to maintain body weight
• Anabolism – simple material
• Catabolism – breaks down complex material -> Simple
• Macronutrients – carbs, fats, proteins, water
• Micronutrients – minerals and vitamins
• 8% of our Fluids = Plasma Carbohydrates
- 4 cal/g
Carb restricted diets
- 50% from carbs
- Simple – quick energy
Diabetic
- Complex
Keto
1. Starch
Atkins 2. Fiber – Gut health, BP, Glycemic Index (helps process carbs)
- Soluble – break down with water (MiraLAX)
Paleo - Insoluble – bulking (banana flakes)
• Fats
- 9 cal/g
- 20 – 30% from fat
- ADEK = Fat-soluble Vitamins - Liver
- Unsaturated “essential” fatty acids = omega-3 and omega-6
Good fats – help with clotting,
brain/nerve/muscle function
• Proteins
- 4cal/g
- 15% calories from proteins
- Amino Acids = building blocks
- A. Complete
- Essential amino acids (animals – beef)
B. Incomplete
- Lacks one or more essential amino acid (beans, veggies, nuts, lagoons)
• Water
- 60% of adult bodyweight
- 45-50% of the elderly
- 75% of infants
- 2/3 of water are in the cells
, lOMoAR cPSD| 67756003
🌈 Fat-Soluble Vitamins LIVER
Vitamin Key Roles Food Sources Fun Fact / Mnemonic
👁️ Vision (especially
🧡 Vitamin night) 🐟 Liver, 🥚 Eggs, 🥕 Carrots, 🍠 Sweet A = Antioxidant for
A 🛡️ Immunity potatoes, 🥬 Spinach vision
💅 Skin & cell growth
🌞 Vitamin 🦴 Calcium absorption 🌞 Sunlight, 🐟 Fatty fish, 🥚 Egg yolk, 🥛 D for "Daylight" ☀️
D Fortified milk
🛡️ Immunity
💪 Muscle function
💚 Vitamin 🛡️ Antioxidant 🥜 Nuts, 🌻 Seeds, 🥬 Leafy greens, 🛢️ Ese = "eds"E for skin &
E Vegetable oils
💅 Skin & cell membrane
health
💙 Vitamin 🩸 Blood clotting 🥬 Kale, 🥦 Broccoli, 🛢️ Oils, 🧫 Gut bacteria K for "Klotting" 🩸
K
🦴 Bone health
(Large intestine synthesis)
📌 Quick Tips:
• ✅ Stored in fat, not water — can build up in body
• ⚠️ Risk of toxicity if taken in large supplement doses 💊 Best absorbed with
dietary fat (e.g., oil, nuts)
🌊 Water-Soluble Vitamins Study Guide KIDNEY
