NURS 611 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
STUDY GUIDE TEST 4 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS
◉ carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from
which origin? Answer: epithelial cells
◉ carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes? Answer: Cells
remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells
◉ which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced
ability to form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized?
Answer: anaplasia
◉ what are tumor cell markers? Answer: hormones, enzymes, antigens
and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells
◉ the function of the tumor cell marker is to: Answer: screen
individuals at high risk for cancer
◉ which statement supports the hypothesis that intestinal polyps are
benign neoplasms and the first stage in the development of colon
cancer? Answer: an accumulation of mutations in specific genes is
required for the development of cancer
, ◉ autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to: Answer: secrete
growth factors that stimulate their own growth
◉ apoptosis is: Answer: normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct
when growth is excessive
◉ many cancers create a mutation of ras. ras is a (an): Answer:
intracellular-signaling protein that regulates cell growth
◉ oncogenes are genes that are capable of: Answer: undergoing
mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of
tissue proliferation
◉ Burkitt lymphomas designate a chromosome that has a piece of
chromosome 8 fused to a piece of chromosome 14. This is an example
of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes? Answer:
chromosome translocation
◉ in childhood neuroblastoma, the N-myc oncogene undergoes which
type of mutation of normal gene to oncogene? Answer: gene
amplification
◉ what aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in
retinoblastoma? Answer: the tumor suppressor gene is turned off
STUDY GUIDE TEST 4 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS
◉ carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from
which origin? Answer: epithelial cells
◉ carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes? Answer: Cells
remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells
◉ which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced
ability to form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized?
Answer: anaplasia
◉ what are tumor cell markers? Answer: hormones, enzymes, antigens
and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells
◉ the function of the tumor cell marker is to: Answer: screen
individuals at high risk for cancer
◉ which statement supports the hypothesis that intestinal polyps are
benign neoplasms and the first stage in the development of colon
cancer? Answer: an accumulation of mutations in specific genes is
required for the development of cancer
, ◉ autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to: Answer: secrete
growth factors that stimulate their own growth
◉ apoptosis is: Answer: normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct
when growth is excessive
◉ many cancers create a mutation of ras. ras is a (an): Answer:
intracellular-signaling protein that regulates cell growth
◉ oncogenes are genes that are capable of: Answer: undergoing
mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of
tissue proliferation
◉ Burkitt lymphomas designate a chromosome that has a piece of
chromosome 8 fused to a piece of chromosome 14. This is an example
of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes? Answer:
chromosome translocation
◉ in childhood neuroblastoma, the N-myc oncogene undergoes which
type of mutation of normal gene to oncogene? Answer: gene
amplification
◉ what aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in
retinoblastoma? Answer: the tumor suppressor gene is turned off
