Anatomy and Physiology PGY 012 Complete Revision Notes
| Human Anatomy Study Guide | Human Physiology Exam
Questions & Answers | Nursing & Medical Students
Comprehensive Review
A complete revision guide for Anatomy and Physiology (PGY 012) featuring in-depth and easy-
to-understand notes on all main bodily systems, anatomical features, physiological processes,
homeostasis, cellular functions, tissues, organs, and clinical connections. The notes are meant to
assist nursing, medical, clinical medicine, pharmacy and allied health students preparation for
exams, assignments, CATs and professional practice. A good study resource for great exam
success, offering key definitions, visual explanations, exam tips, vital concepts and commonly
tested topics.
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomy Definition
The scientific study of the human body's structure and the connections between its many sections
is known as anatomy.
Anatomy's Branches
1. Gross Anatomy: Examination of visible structures.
2. Microscopic Anatomy: microscopic examination of tissues and cells.
3. Developmental Anatomy: examination of structural alterations from conception until
adulthood.
4. Surface Anatomy: examination of bodily landmarks.
The meaning of physiology
The study of physiology focuses on the functions of living things and their body parts.
The Significance of Physiology
, Describes how the body works.
Aids in the comprehension of disease processes.
Directs the course of treatment.
Vital to clinical practice.
Structural Organization Levels
1. Chemical Level: Atoms and molecules.
2. Cellular Level: Cells.
3. Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells.
4. Organ Level: Combination of tissues.
5. Organ System Level: Multiple organs working together.
6. Organism Level: Complete human being.
Characteristics of Living Things
1. Motion
2. Development
3. Procreation
4. Metabolism
5. Breathing
6. Excretion
7. Sensitivity
8. Adaptation
Homeostasis
Definition
The preservation of a steady internal environment in the face of external changes is known as
homeostasis.
, Homeostasis Components
1. Receptor
2. Control Center
3. Effector
Examples:
1. Control of body temperature.
2. Control of blood sugar levels.
3. Blood pressure regulation.
UNIT 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Theory of Cells
Says that:
1. Every living organism is composed of cells.
2. The fundamental building blocks of life are cells.
3. Existing cells give rise to new ones.
Components of a Cell
Cell Membrane
Functions:
Protection
Selective permeability
Communication
Cytoplasm
| Human Anatomy Study Guide | Human Physiology Exam
Questions & Answers | Nursing & Medical Students
Comprehensive Review
A complete revision guide for Anatomy and Physiology (PGY 012) featuring in-depth and easy-
to-understand notes on all main bodily systems, anatomical features, physiological processes,
homeostasis, cellular functions, tissues, organs, and clinical connections. The notes are meant to
assist nursing, medical, clinical medicine, pharmacy and allied health students preparation for
exams, assignments, CATs and professional practice. A good study resource for great exam
success, offering key definitions, visual explanations, exam tips, vital concepts and commonly
tested topics.
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomy Definition
The scientific study of the human body's structure and the connections between its many sections
is known as anatomy.
Anatomy's Branches
1. Gross Anatomy: Examination of visible structures.
2. Microscopic Anatomy: microscopic examination of tissues and cells.
3. Developmental Anatomy: examination of structural alterations from conception until
adulthood.
4. Surface Anatomy: examination of bodily landmarks.
The meaning of physiology
The study of physiology focuses on the functions of living things and their body parts.
The Significance of Physiology
, Describes how the body works.
Aids in the comprehension of disease processes.
Directs the course of treatment.
Vital to clinical practice.
Structural Organization Levels
1. Chemical Level: Atoms and molecules.
2. Cellular Level: Cells.
3. Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells.
4. Organ Level: Combination of tissues.
5. Organ System Level: Multiple organs working together.
6. Organism Level: Complete human being.
Characteristics of Living Things
1. Motion
2. Development
3. Procreation
4. Metabolism
5. Breathing
6. Excretion
7. Sensitivity
8. Adaptation
Homeostasis
Definition
The preservation of a steady internal environment in the face of external changes is known as
homeostasis.
, Homeostasis Components
1. Receptor
2. Control Center
3. Effector
Examples:
1. Control of body temperature.
2. Control of blood sugar levels.
3. Blood pressure regulation.
UNIT 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Theory of Cells
Says that:
1. Every living organism is composed of cells.
2. The fundamental building blocks of life are cells.
3. Existing cells give rise to new ones.
Components of a Cell
Cell Membrane
Functions:
Protection
Selective permeability
Communication
Cytoplasm
