UMN GCD 3022 Exam 1| University of Minnesota-Twin
Ci es| Updated New 2026
self-fer liza on
pollen and egg from same plant
cross-fer liza on
pollen and egg from different plants
male gamete
produced in pollen in anthers
female gamete
produced within ovules in the ovaries
single-factor cross
Ma ngs looking at 1 character
genes
unit of heredity
alleles
different versions of a gene
genotype
allelic composi on
phenotype
outward expression of genotype
probability =
# of mes outcome occurs / total # of possible outcomes
larger sample size
more closely results will match expected outcomes
, product rule
probability that 2 or more independent events will occur together is the product of their
individual probabili es
chi square test
closeness of observed data to predicted data
p < 0.05
when to reject null hypothesis
wild-type allele
most prevalent version of a gene in wild popula ons, usually one is sufficient for full func on
gene c polymorphism
more than one common allele that is wild-type
mutant allele
less common version of a gene, usually less func onal proteins
dominant mutant alleles
alleles that exert effects on phenotype in just one copy
three types of dominant mutant alleles
gain-of-func on, dominant-nega ve, haploinsufficiency
gain-of-func on
gene gains a new or abnormal func on, higher levels of protein produced (overexpressed)
dominant-nega ve
mutant protein acts to antagonize the normal protein
haploinsufficiency
mutant is a loss-of-func on allele (one wild-type allele is not enough to provide func on)
incomplete penetrance
mutant genotype does not always produce the expected phenotype
variable expressivity
Ci es| Updated New 2026
self-fer liza on
pollen and egg from same plant
cross-fer liza on
pollen and egg from different plants
male gamete
produced in pollen in anthers
female gamete
produced within ovules in the ovaries
single-factor cross
Ma ngs looking at 1 character
genes
unit of heredity
alleles
different versions of a gene
genotype
allelic composi on
phenotype
outward expression of genotype
probability =
# of mes outcome occurs / total # of possible outcomes
larger sample size
more closely results will match expected outcomes
, product rule
probability that 2 or more independent events will occur together is the product of their
individual probabili es
chi square test
closeness of observed data to predicted data
p < 0.05
when to reject null hypothesis
wild-type allele
most prevalent version of a gene in wild popula ons, usually one is sufficient for full func on
gene c polymorphism
more than one common allele that is wild-type
mutant allele
less common version of a gene, usually less func onal proteins
dominant mutant alleles
alleles that exert effects on phenotype in just one copy
three types of dominant mutant alleles
gain-of-func on, dominant-nega ve, haploinsufficiency
gain-of-func on
gene gains a new or abnormal func on, higher levels of protein produced (overexpressed)
dominant-nega ve
mutant protein acts to antagonize the normal protein
haploinsufficiency
mutant is a loss-of-func on allele (one wild-type allele is not enough to provide func on)
incomplete penetrance
mutant genotype does not always produce the expected phenotype
variable expressivity
