NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 2 with Actual
Complete Questions and Correct Verified Answer
with Detailed Rationale Already Graded A+ |
2026/2027 Updated
arteries - ANSWER✔✨-transport blood away from heart
veins - ANSWER✔✨-transport blood to the heart
capillaries - ANSWER✔✨-microcirculation within tissue
systemic circulation - ANSWER✔✨-exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes in tissues
pulmonary circulation - ANSWER✔✨-gas exchange in the lungs
function of plasma proteins - ANSWER✔✨-osmotic pressure, antibody, and blood clots
erythrocytes - ANSWER✔✨-contain hemoglobin, life span of about 20 days
erythropoietin - ANSWER✔✨-produced in the kidney, stimulates erythrocyte production
,3 steps of blood clotting (hemostasis) - ANSWER✔✨-1. vasoconstriction of vascular spasm after
injury 2. platelet clot 3. coagulation mechanism
Rh+ - ANSWER✔✨-antigen D in plasma membrane
Rh- - ANSWER✔✨-absence of antigen D
anemia - ANSWER✔✨-causes a reduction in oxygen transport, basic problem is hemoglobin
deficit
oxygen deficit leads to - ANSWER✔✨-less energy production in all cells, tachycardia and
peripheral vasoconstriction-compensation mechanisms
general signs of anemia - ANSWER✔✨-fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, tachycardia, decreased
regeneration of epithelial cells, severe anemia may lead to angina of CHF
iron deficiency anemia - ANSWER✔✨-insufficient iron impairs hemoglobin synthesis
etiology of iron deficiency anemia - ANSWER✔✨-dietary intake of iron below minimum, chronic
blood loss, impaired duodenal absorption of iron, severe liver disease
signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia - ANSWER✔✨-general signs of anemia + spoon
shaped and ridged nails, brittle hair, stomatitis, glossitis, menstrual irregularities, delayed
healing
pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) - ANSWER✔✨-lack of intrinsic factor, intrinsic factor
secreted by gastric mucosa, required for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, B12 needed for
function of neurons
,etiology of pernicious anemia - ANSWER✔✨-dietary insufficiency, malabsorption, surgery, such
as gastrectomy
signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia - ANSWER✔✨-general signs, tongue enlarged, red,
sore, and shiny, digestive discomfort, feeling of pins and needles, tingling of limbs
aplastic anemia - ANSWER✔✨-impairment or failure of bone marrow leading to loss of stem
cells and pancytopenia
pancytopenia - ANSWER✔✨-decreased numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in
the blood
etiology of aplastic anemia - ANSWER✔✨-myelotoxins: radiation, industrial chemicals, drugs,
genetic abnormalities, hep C, SLE
signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia - ANSWER✔✨-general signs, leukopenia (recurrent
infection), thrombocytopenia (petechiae)
sickle cell anemia - ANSWER✔✨-caused by genetic condition, autosomal recessive disorder,
more common in Africans
etiology of sickle cell anemia - ANSWER✔✨-abnormal hemoglobin, sickle cell crisis occurs
whenever oxygen levels are lowered, sickle shaped cells have shorter lifespan, sickle cell
hemoglobin leads to multiple infarctions
signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia - ANSWER✔✨-general signs, severe pain because of
ischemia of tissues and infarction, jaundice, hyperbillirubinemia, acute symptom of vaso-
occlusive/painful crisis
, primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) - ANSWER✔✨-increased production of erythrocytes
and other cells in the bone marrow, neoplastic disorder, serum erythropoietin levels are low
secondary polycythemia (erythrocytosis) - ANSWER✔✨-increase in RBCs in response to
prolonged hypoxia, increased erythropoietin secretion, compensation mechanism to provide
increased oxygen transport
signs and symptoms of polycythemia - ANSWER✔✨-plethoric and cyanotic, hepatomegaly,
increased BP, thromboses and infarctions, CHF can develop
blood clotting disorder - ANSWER✔✨-spontaneous bleeding or excessive bleeding following
minor tissue trauma
hemophilia A - ANSWER✔✨-deficit or abnormality of factor VIII, x-linked recessive trait,
manifested in men, carried by women
signs and symptoms of hemophilia A - ANSWER✔✨-prolonged bleeding after minor tissue
trauma, spontaneous bleeding into joints, possible hematuria or blood in feces
leukemias - ANSWER✔✨-group of neoplastic disorders involving white blood cells,
undifferentiated, immature, nonfunctional cells that multiply uncontrollably
acute leukemias - ANSWER✔✨-high proportion of immature nonfunctional cells, onset usually
abrupt, occurs primarily in children and younger adults
chronic leukemias - ANSWER✔✨-higher proportion of mature cells with reduced function,
insidious onset, common in older adults
Complete Questions and Correct Verified Answer
with Detailed Rationale Already Graded A+ |
2026/2027 Updated
arteries - ANSWER✔✨-transport blood away from heart
veins - ANSWER✔✨-transport blood to the heart
capillaries - ANSWER✔✨-microcirculation within tissue
systemic circulation - ANSWER✔✨-exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes in tissues
pulmonary circulation - ANSWER✔✨-gas exchange in the lungs
function of plasma proteins - ANSWER✔✨-osmotic pressure, antibody, and blood clots
erythrocytes - ANSWER✔✨-contain hemoglobin, life span of about 20 days
erythropoietin - ANSWER✔✨-produced in the kidney, stimulates erythrocyte production
,3 steps of blood clotting (hemostasis) - ANSWER✔✨-1. vasoconstriction of vascular spasm after
injury 2. platelet clot 3. coagulation mechanism
Rh+ - ANSWER✔✨-antigen D in plasma membrane
Rh- - ANSWER✔✨-absence of antigen D
anemia - ANSWER✔✨-causes a reduction in oxygen transport, basic problem is hemoglobin
deficit
oxygen deficit leads to - ANSWER✔✨-less energy production in all cells, tachycardia and
peripheral vasoconstriction-compensation mechanisms
general signs of anemia - ANSWER✔✨-fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, tachycardia, decreased
regeneration of epithelial cells, severe anemia may lead to angina of CHF
iron deficiency anemia - ANSWER✔✨-insufficient iron impairs hemoglobin synthesis
etiology of iron deficiency anemia - ANSWER✔✨-dietary intake of iron below minimum, chronic
blood loss, impaired duodenal absorption of iron, severe liver disease
signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia - ANSWER✔✨-general signs of anemia + spoon
shaped and ridged nails, brittle hair, stomatitis, glossitis, menstrual irregularities, delayed
healing
pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) - ANSWER✔✨-lack of intrinsic factor, intrinsic factor
secreted by gastric mucosa, required for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, B12 needed for
function of neurons
,etiology of pernicious anemia - ANSWER✔✨-dietary insufficiency, malabsorption, surgery, such
as gastrectomy
signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia - ANSWER✔✨-general signs, tongue enlarged, red,
sore, and shiny, digestive discomfort, feeling of pins and needles, tingling of limbs
aplastic anemia - ANSWER✔✨-impairment or failure of bone marrow leading to loss of stem
cells and pancytopenia
pancytopenia - ANSWER✔✨-decreased numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in
the blood
etiology of aplastic anemia - ANSWER✔✨-myelotoxins: radiation, industrial chemicals, drugs,
genetic abnormalities, hep C, SLE
signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia - ANSWER✔✨-general signs, leukopenia (recurrent
infection), thrombocytopenia (petechiae)
sickle cell anemia - ANSWER✔✨-caused by genetic condition, autosomal recessive disorder,
more common in Africans
etiology of sickle cell anemia - ANSWER✔✨-abnormal hemoglobin, sickle cell crisis occurs
whenever oxygen levels are lowered, sickle shaped cells have shorter lifespan, sickle cell
hemoglobin leads to multiple infarctions
signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia - ANSWER✔✨-general signs, severe pain because of
ischemia of tissues and infarction, jaundice, hyperbillirubinemia, acute symptom of vaso-
occlusive/painful crisis
, primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) - ANSWER✔✨-increased production of erythrocytes
and other cells in the bone marrow, neoplastic disorder, serum erythropoietin levels are low
secondary polycythemia (erythrocytosis) - ANSWER✔✨-increase in RBCs in response to
prolonged hypoxia, increased erythropoietin secretion, compensation mechanism to provide
increased oxygen transport
signs and symptoms of polycythemia - ANSWER✔✨-plethoric and cyanotic, hepatomegaly,
increased BP, thromboses and infarctions, CHF can develop
blood clotting disorder - ANSWER✔✨-spontaneous bleeding or excessive bleeding following
minor tissue trauma
hemophilia A - ANSWER✔✨-deficit or abnormality of factor VIII, x-linked recessive trait,
manifested in men, carried by women
signs and symptoms of hemophilia A - ANSWER✔✨-prolonged bleeding after minor tissue
trauma, spontaneous bleeding into joints, possible hematuria or blood in feces
leukemias - ANSWER✔✨-group of neoplastic disorders involving white blood cells,
undifferentiated, immature, nonfunctional cells that multiply uncontrollably
acute leukemias - ANSWER✔✨-high proportion of immature nonfunctional cells, onset usually
abrupt, occurs primarily in children and younger adults
chronic leukemias - ANSWER✔✨-higher proportion of mature cells with reduced function,
insidious onset, common in older adults
