NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Question and answers rated
A+ 2026
Asthma - correct answer ✔Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory
response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - correct answer ✔coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - correct answer ✔-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and
smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - correct answer ✔smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the
alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - correct answer ✔innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
,lamina propria - correct answer ✔the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - correct answer ✔embedded with connective tissue cells and immune
cells
purpose of the lamina propria - correct answer ✔white blood cells are present to help protect the
airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - correct answer ✔the WBCs
protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer ✔columnar epithelial ells
and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer ✔smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - correct answer ✔control the airways ability to
constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - correct answer ✔When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should
due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - correct answer ✔the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma
produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - correct answer ✔-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention
of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
, What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - correct answer ✔tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - correct answer ✔These drugs block the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - correct answer ✔the parasympathetic system is stimulated
by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory
tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial constriction
bronchitis - correct answer ✔inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - correct answer ✔bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion - correct answer ✔The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues
of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - correct answer ✔cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Midterm Question and answers rated
A+ 2026
Asthma - correct answer ✔Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflammatory
response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - correct answer ✔coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - correct answer ✔-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and
smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - correct answer ✔smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the
alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - correct answer ✔innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
,lamina propria - correct answer ✔the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - correct answer ✔embedded with connective tissue cells and immune
cells
purpose of the lamina propria - correct answer ✔white blood cells are present to help protect the
airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - correct answer ✔the WBCs
protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer ✔columnar epithelial ells
and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer ✔smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - correct answer ✔control the airways ability to
constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - correct answer ✔When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should
due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - correct answer ✔the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma
produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - correct answer ✔-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention
of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
, What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - correct answer ✔tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - correct answer ✔These drugs block the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - correct answer ✔the parasympathetic system is stimulated
by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory
tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial constriction
bronchitis - correct answer ✔inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - correct answer ✔bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion - correct answer ✔The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues
of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - correct answer ✔cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
