NUR 252 Final Exam Questions and All
Correct Answers 2026-2027 Updated.
What are the signs of fluid overload? (Hint think top 5) - Answer Shortness of breath,
crackles, edema, JVD, increased BP, bounding pulse
What is the difference between pitting and peripheral edema? - Answer Peripheral edema
(location), pitting edema (depth)
Which finding indicates that IV therapy hydration is effective?
A. Thready pulse B. Decreased urine output Tachycardia D. Blood pressure elevation - Answer
Blood pressure elevation
Which patient is most at risk for fluid overload?
40 year old with meningitis
35 year old with kidney failure
60 year old with psoriasis
26 year old with influenza - Answer 35 year old with kidney failure
Why are kidney failure patients at risk for fluid overload? - Answer They aren't making any
urine
What would you expect to find in a client dehydration? - Answer Dark Colored urine, poor
skin turgor, tachycardia, tachypnea (increased RR), increased BUN, Hypotension
What are the six rights of medication administration? - Answer Right patient, medication,
dose, time, route and documentation.
Which Insulin can be administered IV? - Answer Regular insulin (Humulin R)
Which administration type would allow for 60 gtt/mL? - Answer Microdrip set
What type of tubing is a macrodrip set? - Answer Standard regular tubing (10-15 gtts/mL)
What is a Volutrol and when should it be used? - Answer Volutrol is a 100-mL calibrated drip
chamber that can be shut off from the IV bag. It should be used to prevent fluid overload in
pediatric and geriatric patients in pre-hospital settings.
,Blood tubing is used for? How many ports? What goes in each? - Answer Blood
administration, 2 ports, blood and normal saline
What are the causes of acute renal failure? - Answer Hypovolemic shock, nephrotoxins,
contrast dye, kidney stone or bladder tumors (post reanl problem- because they obstruct urine
flow)
What are some medications that are nephrotoxic? - Answer NSAIDS, myacins, Ibprophen,
Naproxen, indomethacin.
What are some interventions that we would do for patients that are on these nephrotoxic
medications? - Answer lots of fluids
What are the early signs of acute kidney injury? - Answer oliguria (drop in urine output less
than 30ml/Hr), edema
What tests would we expect to do with a drop in urine output? - Answer Assessment: Signs
of FVE, fluid status, BUN/Creatinine, K+ level
How do we determine that someone has an acute kidney injury or just a drop in urine output? -
Answer Check the creatinine. If the creatinine is high then that is evidence of acute kidney
injury. Normal Creatinine - 0.7 to 1.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)
What is the difference between acute and chronic renal failure? - Answer Acute failure may
be reversible and chronic is not
Do acute or chronic kidney failure patients get dialysis? - Answer Both
How do we determine day of dialysis? (factors) - Answer K+ level, Irregular HR, Fluid overload
(shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, inadequate profusion)
How do we decrease K+ w/o hemodialysis? - Answer Kayexalate or insulin and D50
What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease? - Answer Systemic diseases such
as diabetes, HTN (uncontrolled), Heart failure (decreased profusion to kidneys), Vascular issues
(impaired blood flow), Lupus
A blocked urethra can lead to renal failure T/F - Answer True
, Most common that a urethra can be blocked? - Answer Kidney stones, BPH, Catheterization
(kinked tubing), or CBI with occluded catheter
What labs are anticipated with chronic kidney disease? What will be high what will be low?
What are those levels? (Think Creatinine, BUN, Ca, K+, GFR, phosphate, sodium) - Answer
Increased Creatinine and BUN, hypocalcemia, K+ high (above 5.2), GFR low (less than 30%), high
phosphate ( >4.5 going to be on phosphate binders), Sodium low <135
What is the acid base status with CKD? - Answer Metabolic acidosis
What would the assessments look like in a CKD patient? Neuro, skin, GI, appetite - Answer
Skin is dry (Uremic frost/itchy -puritus), tired, anorexia, GI bleed, anemia (because of the
erythropoietin)
What is erythropoietin (EPO)? - Answer hormone that stimulates RBC production. Made by
the Kidneys.
Why are renal failure patients at risk for anemia? - Answer EPO
What is a symptom of urinary tract infection? - Answer Burning with urination
What procedure is used to break up kidney stones? - Answer Extracorporeal shockwave
lithotripsy
Nursing care post lithotripsy? - Answer Fluids (flush kidneys), strain urine, control pain, pink
blood normal, twilight sedation risk ---> Watch airway, breathing, swallowing
What is glomerulonephritis? - Answer inflammation of the glomeruli usually following a strep
infection
What is a symptom of glomerulonephritis? - Answer Edema - Because they have problems
with patient distribution. They will spill proteins into their urine.
What is pyelonephritis? - Answer A bacterial infection of the kidneys
What most commonly causes pyelonephritis? - Answer Untreated UTI
Most common in older adults - high fever + confusion
Correct Answers 2026-2027 Updated.
What are the signs of fluid overload? (Hint think top 5) - Answer Shortness of breath,
crackles, edema, JVD, increased BP, bounding pulse
What is the difference between pitting and peripheral edema? - Answer Peripheral edema
(location), pitting edema (depth)
Which finding indicates that IV therapy hydration is effective?
A. Thready pulse B. Decreased urine output Tachycardia D. Blood pressure elevation - Answer
Blood pressure elevation
Which patient is most at risk for fluid overload?
40 year old with meningitis
35 year old with kidney failure
60 year old with psoriasis
26 year old with influenza - Answer 35 year old with kidney failure
Why are kidney failure patients at risk for fluid overload? - Answer They aren't making any
urine
What would you expect to find in a client dehydration? - Answer Dark Colored urine, poor
skin turgor, tachycardia, tachypnea (increased RR), increased BUN, Hypotension
What are the six rights of medication administration? - Answer Right patient, medication,
dose, time, route and documentation.
Which Insulin can be administered IV? - Answer Regular insulin (Humulin R)
Which administration type would allow for 60 gtt/mL? - Answer Microdrip set
What type of tubing is a macrodrip set? - Answer Standard regular tubing (10-15 gtts/mL)
What is a Volutrol and when should it be used? - Answer Volutrol is a 100-mL calibrated drip
chamber that can be shut off from the IV bag. It should be used to prevent fluid overload in
pediatric and geriatric patients in pre-hospital settings.
,Blood tubing is used for? How many ports? What goes in each? - Answer Blood
administration, 2 ports, blood and normal saline
What are the causes of acute renal failure? - Answer Hypovolemic shock, nephrotoxins,
contrast dye, kidney stone or bladder tumors (post reanl problem- because they obstruct urine
flow)
What are some medications that are nephrotoxic? - Answer NSAIDS, myacins, Ibprophen,
Naproxen, indomethacin.
What are some interventions that we would do for patients that are on these nephrotoxic
medications? - Answer lots of fluids
What are the early signs of acute kidney injury? - Answer oliguria (drop in urine output less
than 30ml/Hr), edema
What tests would we expect to do with a drop in urine output? - Answer Assessment: Signs
of FVE, fluid status, BUN/Creatinine, K+ level
How do we determine that someone has an acute kidney injury or just a drop in urine output? -
Answer Check the creatinine. If the creatinine is high then that is evidence of acute kidney
injury. Normal Creatinine - 0.7 to 1.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)
What is the difference between acute and chronic renal failure? - Answer Acute failure may
be reversible and chronic is not
Do acute or chronic kidney failure patients get dialysis? - Answer Both
How do we determine day of dialysis? (factors) - Answer K+ level, Irregular HR, Fluid overload
(shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, inadequate profusion)
How do we decrease K+ w/o hemodialysis? - Answer Kayexalate or insulin and D50
What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease? - Answer Systemic diseases such
as diabetes, HTN (uncontrolled), Heart failure (decreased profusion to kidneys), Vascular issues
(impaired blood flow), Lupus
A blocked urethra can lead to renal failure T/F - Answer True
, Most common that a urethra can be blocked? - Answer Kidney stones, BPH, Catheterization
(kinked tubing), or CBI with occluded catheter
What labs are anticipated with chronic kidney disease? What will be high what will be low?
What are those levels? (Think Creatinine, BUN, Ca, K+, GFR, phosphate, sodium) - Answer
Increased Creatinine and BUN, hypocalcemia, K+ high (above 5.2), GFR low (less than 30%), high
phosphate ( >4.5 going to be on phosphate binders), Sodium low <135
What is the acid base status with CKD? - Answer Metabolic acidosis
What would the assessments look like in a CKD patient? Neuro, skin, GI, appetite - Answer
Skin is dry (Uremic frost/itchy -puritus), tired, anorexia, GI bleed, anemia (because of the
erythropoietin)
What is erythropoietin (EPO)? - Answer hormone that stimulates RBC production. Made by
the Kidneys.
Why are renal failure patients at risk for anemia? - Answer EPO
What is a symptom of urinary tract infection? - Answer Burning with urination
What procedure is used to break up kidney stones? - Answer Extracorporeal shockwave
lithotripsy
Nursing care post lithotripsy? - Answer Fluids (flush kidneys), strain urine, control pain, pink
blood normal, twilight sedation risk ---> Watch airway, breathing, swallowing
What is glomerulonephritis? - Answer inflammation of the glomeruli usually following a strep
infection
What is a symptom of glomerulonephritis? - Answer Edema - Because they have problems
with patient distribution. They will spill proteins into their urine.
What is pyelonephritis? - Answer A bacterial infection of the kidneys
What most commonly causes pyelonephritis? - Answer Untreated UTI
Most common in older adults - high fever + confusion
