BA 323 SDSU EXAM 2 COMPREHENSIVE
STUDY GUIDE 2026 CAPITAL BUDGETING &
RISK ANALYSIS SOLUTIONS VERIFIED A+
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What clinical manifestations is "thickening and hardening of vessels
- loss of elasticity"
Answer: Arteriosclerosis
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What pathophysiology is "damaged endothelial tissue lining vessels
walls stimulates release of mediators that cause inflammation
(elevated CRP)" and deals with oxidized LDL
Answer: Atherosclerosis
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What factors promote atherosclerosis?
Answer: Smoking, diabetes, hypertension, low levels of HDL, and
high levels of LDL, increased serum triglycerides
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
,What does oxidized LDL allow entry of?
Answer: Monocytes and T lymphocytes
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What do large amounts of consumed LDL transform into?
Answer: Foam Cells
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What do multiple foam cells form?
Answer: Fatty Streak
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What is the fibrous cap around?
Answer: Cholesterol core
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What does necrotic areas accumulate?
Answer: Calcium Deposits
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What does rupture, hemorrhage of plaque trigger?
Answer: Clotting Cascade
,◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What are the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis?
Answer: Process or arterial wall damage and occlusion of lumen
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
Pathophysiology of Hypertension?
Answer: -Increased sympathetic nervous system = increased HR and
vasoconstriction
-Natriuretic Hormone Regulation (aldosterone-sodium-fluid-
increased BP)
-Chronic Inflammation
-Increased RAAS
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
Clinical Manifestations of Hypertension?
Answer: Waking headaches
Epistaxis
Vascular Damage
(this is the silent killer)
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
, What pathophysiology is "Vasospasm of small arteries and arterioles
of the fingers and/or toes triggered by brief exposure to cold or
emotional stress"
Answer: Raynaud's Syndrome
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
Clinical Manifestations of Raynaud's Syndrome
Answer: Vasoconstriction of vessels
Skin color changes, pain, numbness
When blood returns (rubor, throbbing, paresthesia's)
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What is an inflammatory injury or necrosis of blood vessels?
Answer: Vasculitides
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What is Kawasaki Disease?
Answer: Deals with blood vessels and heart
Deals with children (strawberry tongue)
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What is the pathophysiology of septic shock>
STUDY GUIDE 2026 CAPITAL BUDGETING &
RISK ANALYSIS SOLUTIONS VERIFIED A+
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What clinical manifestations is "thickening and hardening of vessels
- loss of elasticity"
Answer: Arteriosclerosis
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What pathophysiology is "damaged endothelial tissue lining vessels
walls stimulates release of mediators that cause inflammation
(elevated CRP)" and deals with oxidized LDL
Answer: Atherosclerosis
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What factors promote atherosclerosis?
Answer: Smoking, diabetes, hypertension, low levels of HDL, and
high levels of LDL, increased serum triglycerides
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
,What does oxidized LDL allow entry of?
Answer: Monocytes and T lymphocytes
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What do large amounts of consumed LDL transform into?
Answer: Foam Cells
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What do multiple foam cells form?
Answer: Fatty Streak
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What is the fibrous cap around?
Answer: Cholesterol core
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What does necrotic areas accumulate?
Answer: Calcium Deposits
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What does rupture, hemorrhage of plaque trigger?
Answer: Clotting Cascade
,◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What are the clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis?
Answer: Process or arterial wall damage and occlusion of lumen
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
Pathophysiology of Hypertension?
Answer: -Increased sympathetic nervous system = increased HR and
vasoconstriction
-Natriuretic Hormone Regulation (aldosterone-sodium-fluid-
increased BP)
-Chronic Inflammation
-Increased RAAS
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
Clinical Manifestations of Hypertension?
Answer: Waking headaches
Epistaxis
Vascular Damage
(this is the silent killer)
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
, What pathophysiology is "Vasospasm of small arteries and arterioles
of the fingers and/or toes triggered by brief exposure to cold or
emotional stress"
Answer: Raynaud's Syndrome
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
Clinical Manifestations of Raynaud's Syndrome
Answer: Vasoconstriction of vessels
Skin color changes, pain, numbness
When blood returns (rubor, throbbing, paresthesia's)
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What is an inflammatory injury or necrosis of blood vessels?
Answer: Vasculitides
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What is Kawasaki Disease?
Answer: Deals with blood vessels and heart
Deals with children (strawberry tongue)
◉ DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
What is the pathophysiology of septic shock>
