Race and Crime Final exam UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
African American and Hispanic officers Are less likely to use deadly force.
Use of force occurs in approx ___ of all police 5%
encounters?
This is false when considering correctional populations Currently, the U.S. has more people imprisoned than at any other time in history.
True or false: Walker, Spohn, and DeLone hold that the False
jury selection process is racially unbiased
True or False: In the 1970s, a 2nd wave of bail reform True
emphasized preventative detention to ensure public
safety
True or false: Roper V. Simons created moratorium on False
death penalty cases for a period of 4 years?
The ruling of Furman V. Georgia was responsible for Halting executions due to arbitrary application.
Those who are white represent 70% of the general 35%
population & about ___ of the state prison population
When exploring the relationship between immigration Undocumented immigrants are incarcerated at higher rates but receive shorter
status, researchers found sentences than citizens
The adult probation population shows Racial disparities exist for non-Hispanic African Americans and reveal imposing
lesser sentences for whites.
, Short answer: Identify & explain key criticisms of gang Outdates. Vague guidelines for what equates to being in a gang
databases used by law enforcement
Short answer: How does pretrial detention contribute to Black & Hispanics are more likely to be held in pretrial detention. Cannot afford
disparities in conviction & sentencing outcomes? Explain bond
the mechanisms involved.
Short answer: Explain key changes in sentencing during Mandatory sentencing. War on drugs. 3 strike laws.
1980s & 1990s and their impact on the CJ system
True or false: The war on drugs was solely responsible for False
the spike in incarceration
Short answer: When interpreting a statistic about racial -Type of offense (violent vs. nonviolent)
disparities in sentencing, what factors should be -Severity of the crime
considered before generalizing the findings to all -Prior criminal history of the defendant
sentencing decisions? -Sentencing guidelines or mandatory minimums
-Plea bargains vs. trial outcomes
-Jurisdiction (state, county, or federal differences)
-Sample size and representativeness
Short answer: It is said that African Americans often Over-policed: more stops, surveillance, and use of force in daily life
report feeling both under- and over policed. What is Under-policed: less protection and slower response in serious crimes or
meant by this? emergencies
Key idea: heavy enforcement + inadequate protection at the same time
A meta-analysis of sentencing research reveals that the Use precise controls for offense seriousness & criminal history
effect of race on sentencing was lessened when
jurisdictions
A peremptory challenge Attorney to remove potential jurors without stating a reason, though this reason is
subject to constitutional restraints
Looking at the victimization rates for juviniles, ___ youth African American, White, Hispanic
have the highest property crime victimization rate,
followed by ___ youth, & then ___ youth.
The Baldus study is significant because All the above
An analysis of plea bargaining under federal sentencing Federal guidelines permit the exercise of discretion that operates to the
guidelines suggests disadvantage of minority defendants
Which of the following is recognized as an explanation Cross-racial identification, particularly whites identifying as African Americans, is
for the overrepresentation of African American unreliable.
defendants falsely convicted for rape
Factors impacting police attitudes Organizational culture, training, community context, perceived danger, race/class
biases, prior experiences with civilians
Over-policing Excessive surveillance/enforcement in minority communities
ANSWERS
African American and Hispanic officers Are less likely to use deadly force.
Use of force occurs in approx ___ of all police 5%
encounters?
This is false when considering correctional populations Currently, the U.S. has more people imprisoned than at any other time in history.
True or false: Walker, Spohn, and DeLone hold that the False
jury selection process is racially unbiased
True or False: In the 1970s, a 2nd wave of bail reform True
emphasized preventative detention to ensure public
safety
True or false: Roper V. Simons created moratorium on False
death penalty cases for a period of 4 years?
The ruling of Furman V. Georgia was responsible for Halting executions due to arbitrary application.
Those who are white represent 70% of the general 35%
population & about ___ of the state prison population
When exploring the relationship between immigration Undocumented immigrants are incarcerated at higher rates but receive shorter
status, researchers found sentences than citizens
The adult probation population shows Racial disparities exist for non-Hispanic African Americans and reveal imposing
lesser sentences for whites.
, Short answer: Identify & explain key criticisms of gang Outdates. Vague guidelines for what equates to being in a gang
databases used by law enforcement
Short answer: How does pretrial detention contribute to Black & Hispanics are more likely to be held in pretrial detention. Cannot afford
disparities in conviction & sentencing outcomes? Explain bond
the mechanisms involved.
Short answer: Explain key changes in sentencing during Mandatory sentencing. War on drugs. 3 strike laws.
1980s & 1990s and their impact on the CJ system
True or false: The war on drugs was solely responsible for False
the spike in incarceration
Short answer: When interpreting a statistic about racial -Type of offense (violent vs. nonviolent)
disparities in sentencing, what factors should be -Severity of the crime
considered before generalizing the findings to all -Prior criminal history of the defendant
sentencing decisions? -Sentencing guidelines or mandatory minimums
-Plea bargains vs. trial outcomes
-Jurisdiction (state, county, or federal differences)
-Sample size and representativeness
Short answer: It is said that African Americans often Over-policed: more stops, surveillance, and use of force in daily life
report feeling both under- and over policed. What is Under-policed: less protection and slower response in serious crimes or
meant by this? emergencies
Key idea: heavy enforcement + inadequate protection at the same time
A meta-analysis of sentencing research reveals that the Use precise controls for offense seriousness & criminal history
effect of race on sentencing was lessened when
jurisdictions
A peremptory challenge Attorney to remove potential jurors without stating a reason, though this reason is
subject to constitutional restraints
Looking at the victimization rates for juviniles, ___ youth African American, White, Hispanic
have the highest property crime victimization rate,
followed by ___ youth, & then ___ youth.
The Baldus study is significant because All the above
An analysis of plea bargaining under federal sentencing Federal guidelines permit the exercise of discretion that operates to the
guidelines suggests disadvantage of minority defendants
Which of the following is recognized as an explanation Cross-racial identification, particularly whites identifying as African Americans, is
for the overrepresentation of African American unreliable.
defendants falsely convicted for rape
Factors impacting police attitudes Organizational culture, training, community context, perceived danger, race/class
biases, prior experiences with civilians
Over-policing Excessive surveillance/enforcement in minority communities
