Biology 211 Exam 4 Lectures 14-19
What are the key characteristics of plants? - ✅✅-- Composed of one or more
eukaryote cell(s)
- Cell wall composed of cellulose
- Chlorophyll in chloroplast
How do plants acquire energy? - ✅✅-By autotrophy (photosynthesis)
How do plants acquire nutrients? - ✅✅-Absorbed from the environment (Nitrogen and
Phosphorus)
How do plants produce ATP? - ✅✅-Aerobic cellular respiration
What plant is an exception? Why? - ✅✅-Ghost plants
- Lacks chlorophyll, and is parasitic on mycorrhizal fungi that have mutualistic
associations with trees
What are the 5 types of plant lineages? - ✅✅-1. Green Algae
2. Nonvascular plants
3. Seedless vascular plants
4. Gymnosperms
5. Angiosperms
Where do green algae inhabit? - ✅✅-aquatic ecosystems
What are the characteristics of green algae? - ✅✅-- Unicellular or multicellular
- No tissues or organs
How does green algae acquire nutrients and water? - ✅✅-- Carbon dioxide
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Water absorbed across cell membrane
What is the ecological importance (historically and presently) of green algae? - ✅✅--
Photosynthesis contributes to increased biological production and biodiversity in aquatic
ecosystems
✅✅
All plant groups contribute to increased biodiversity by providing resources: a)______,
b) _______, and c) _____ - -a) food to consumers
b) oxygen
and c) habitat
Where do non-vascular plants inhabit? - ✅✅-aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
What are the characteristics of non-vascular plants? - ✅✅-- Cells organized into
tissues/organs
- Cuticle and stomata
- No vascular tissue
- Embryo released from plant in a desiccation-resistant spore
What is a waxy layer that prevents water loss from stems and leaves? - ✅✅-Cuticle
, ✅✅
What has pores that allow gas to exchange in photosynthetic tissues and guard cells
close under conditions of water stress (to reduce further water loss)? - -Stomata
How do the cuticle and stomata acquire nutrients and water? - ✅✅ -- Rhizoids anchor
plant to substrate (e.g., soil, wood, rock) and absorb water, nutrients (N,P)
- Carbon dioxide absorbed through stomata
What is the ecological importance (historically) of the cuticle and stomata? - ✅✅ --
Resources provided by first terrestrial plants enabled evolution of terrestrial consumers
- Explosion in biodiversity, organism abundance, and biological production
Where do seedless vascular plants inhabit? - ✅✅-aquatic and wet terrestrial
ecosystems
What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants? - ✅✅ -- Cuticle and stomata
- Vascular tissue conducts water, nutrients, and carbohydrates through plants
- Embryo released from plant in a desiccation-resistant spore
How do seedless vascular plants acquire nutrients and water? - ✅✅-Vascular tissue
- Xylem
- Phloem
✅✅
__________ conducts water and nutrients from roots to photosynthetic cells -
-Xylem
__________ conducts carbohydrates from photosynthetic cells to roots - ✅✅-Phloem
✅✅
What is the ecological importance (historically and presently) of seedless vascular
plants? - -- Vascular tissue and lignin enable plants to grow tall and inhabit drier
habitats
- Increased terrestrial plant abundance and diversity (habitat and food resources)
enables increased biodiversity and organism abundance
Where do gymnosperms inhabit? - ✅✅-Terrestrial ecosystem
What are the characteristics of gymnosperms? - ✅✅-- Cuticle and stomata*
- Vascular tissue and lignin*
- Embryo released from plant in a seed*
‣ *Adaptation for terrestrial life
How do gymnosperms acquire nutrients and water? - ✅✅-Vascular system
✅✅
What is the ecological importance (historically and presently) of gymnosperms? -
-- First plants capable of reproducing in dry terrestrial habitat
- Increased food and habitat resources and increased biodiversity and organism
abundance
Where do angiosperms inhabit? - ✅✅-aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem
What are the characteristics of angiosperms? - ✅✅-- Cuticle and stomata*
- Vascular tissue and lignin*
- Embryo released from plant in a seed (surrounded by fruit)*
How do angiosperms acquire nutrients and water? - ✅✅-Vascular system
, What is the ecological importance (historically and presently) of angiosperms? - ✅✅ --
Emergence of plants with fruit and flowers (with nectar and pollen) provided more food
resources to primary consumers
- Enabling increased biodiversity and organism abundance
What life cycle is this?
1. The mature plant is a haploid (n) gametophyte (i.e., the long-lived life stage that
dominated the life cycle)
2. Haploid gametes (sperm, egg) develop on gametophytes by mitosis. The sperm
swims through water to fertilize an egg on a female gametophyte, producing a diploid
(2n) zygote.
3. Mitosis produces a short-lived diploid sporophyte that remains attached to the female
gametophyte.
✅✅
4. The sporophyte produces wind-blown haploid spores by meiosis, followed by mitosis.
The spore germinates by mitosis into a new gametophyte. - -Nonvascular plant
What life cycle is this?
1. The mature plant is a diploid sporophyte
2. Meiosis (followed by mitosis) produces haploid gametes (sperm, egg) within male
(pollen grain) and female gametophytes
3. A diploid zygote is produced when a pollen grain lands on the carpel of the flower,
and sperm released from the pollen grain travels to the egg
✅✅
4. Mitosis produces an embryo contained in a seed that is surrounded by fruit
5. Mitosis within the embryo produces a sporophyte - -Angiosperm
According to scientific evidence, what is the order in which plant lineages (taxonomic
groups) originated? In the correct answer, the first lineage listed was the first to emerge
(in an evolutionary sense), and the last lineage listed emerged most recently.
a) Seedless vascular plants (e.g., ferns), green algae, seed plants (i.e., gymnosperms,
angiosperms), nonvascular plants (e.g., mosses)
b) Seed plants, seedless vascular plants, green algae, nonvascular plants
✅✅
c) Green algae, nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, seed plants
d) Green algae, seed plants, nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants - -c)
Green algae, nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, seed plants
Where are you LEAST likely to see green algae?
a) Growing independently on wet rock in ponds and lakes
b) Floating in seas and oceans
c) As pink snow in the mountains in summer
d) Growing independently on dry rock in meadows
✅✅
e) Growing symbiotically with fungi in lichens or with some invertebrate animals -
-d) Growing independently on dry rock in meadows
A stoma consists of a _____.
a) gap where primary and secondary cell walls are missing
b) pore surrounded by specialized guard cells
c) water-conducting cell with vessel elements
What are the key characteristics of plants? - ✅✅-- Composed of one or more
eukaryote cell(s)
- Cell wall composed of cellulose
- Chlorophyll in chloroplast
How do plants acquire energy? - ✅✅-By autotrophy (photosynthesis)
How do plants acquire nutrients? - ✅✅-Absorbed from the environment (Nitrogen and
Phosphorus)
How do plants produce ATP? - ✅✅-Aerobic cellular respiration
What plant is an exception? Why? - ✅✅-Ghost plants
- Lacks chlorophyll, and is parasitic on mycorrhizal fungi that have mutualistic
associations with trees
What are the 5 types of plant lineages? - ✅✅-1. Green Algae
2. Nonvascular plants
3. Seedless vascular plants
4. Gymnosperms
5. Angiosperms
Where do green algae inhabit? - ✅✅-aquatic ecosystems
What are the characteristics of green algae? - ✅✅-- Unicellular or multicellular
- No tissues or organs
How does green algae acquire nutrients and water? - ✅✅-- Carbon dioxide
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Water absorbed across cell membrane
What is the ecological importance (historically and presently) of green algae? - ✅✅--
Photosynthesis contributes to increased biological production and biodiversity in aquatic
ecosystems
✅✅
All plant groups contribute to increased biodiversity by providing resources: a)______,
b) _______, and c) _____ - -a) food to consumers
b) oxygen
and c) habitat
Where do non-vascular plants inhabit? - ✅✅-aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
What are the characteristics of non-vascular plants? - ✅✅-- Cells organized into
tissues/organs
- Cuticle and stomata
- No vascular tissue
- Embryo released from plant in a desiccation-resistant spore
What is a waxy layer that prevents water loss from stems and leaves? - ✅✅-Cuticle
, ✅✅
What has pores that allow gas to exchange in photosynthetic tissues and guard cells
close under conditions of water stress (to reduce further water loss)? - -Stomata
How do the cuticle and stomata acquire nutrients and water? - ✅✅ -- Rhizoids anchor
plant to substrate (e.g., soil, wood, rock) and absorb water, nutrients (N,P)
- Carbon dioxide absorbed through stomata
What is the ecological importance (historically) of the cuticle and stomata? - ✅✅ --
Resources provided by first terrestrial plants enabled evolution of terrestrial consumers
- Explosion in biodiversity, organism abundance, and biological production
Where do seedless vascular plants inhabit? - ✅✅-aquatic and wet terrestrial
ecosystems
What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants? - ✅✅ -- Cuticle and stomata
- Vascular tissue conducts water, nutrients, and carbohydrates through plants
- Embryo released from plant in a desiccation-resistant spore
How do seedless vascular plants acquire nutrients and water? - ✅✅-Vascular tissue
- Xylem
- Phloem
✅✅
__________ conducts water and nutrients from roots to photosynthetic cells -
-Xylem
__________ conducts carbohydrates from photosynthetic cells to roots - ✅✅-Phloem
✅✅
What is the ecological importance (historically and presently) of seedless vascular
plants? - -- Vascular tissue and lignin enable plants to grow tall and inhabit drier
habitats
- Increased terrestrial plant abundance and diversity (habitat and food resources)
enables increased biodiversity and organism abundance
Where do gymnosperms inhabit? - ✅✅-Terrestrial ecosystem
What are the characteristics of gymnosperms? - ✅✅-- Cuticle and stomata*
- Vascular tissue and lignin*
- Embryo released from plant in a seed*
‣ *Adaptation for terrestrial life
How do gymnosperms acquire nutrients and water? - ✅✅-Vascular system
✅✅
What is the ecological importance (historically and presently) of gymnosperms? -
-- First plants capable of reproducing in dry terrestrial habitat
- Increased food and habitat resources and increased biodiversity and organism
abundance
Where do angiosperms inhabit? - ✅✅-aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem
What are the characteristics of angiosperms? - ✅✅-- Cuticle and stomata*
- Vascular tissue and lignin*
- Embryo released from plant in a seed (surrounded by fruit)*
How do angiosperms acquire nutrients and water? - ✅✅-Vascular system
, What is the ecological importance (historically and presently) of angiosperms? - ✅✅ --
Emergence of plants with fruit and flowers (with nectar and pollen) provided more food
resources to primary consumers
- Enabling increased biodiversity and organism abundance
What life cycle is this?
1. The mature plant is a haploid (n) gametophyte (i.e., the long-lived life stage that
dominated the life cycle)
2. Haploid gametes (sperm, egg) develop on gametophytes by mitosis. The sperm
swims through water to fertilize an egg on a female gametophyte, producing a diploid
(2n) zygote.
3. Mitosis produces a short-lived diploid sporophyte that remains attached to the female
gametophyte.
✅✅
4. The sporophyte produces wind-blown haploid spores by meiosis, followed by mitosis.
The spore germinates by mitosis into a new gametophyte. - -Nonvascular plant
What life cycle is this?
1. The mature plant is a diploid sporophyte
2. Meiosis (followed by mitosis) produces haploid gametes (sperm, egg) within male
(pollen grain) and female gametophytes
3. A diploid zygote is produced when a pollen grain lands on the carpel of the flower,
and sperm released from the pollen grain travels to the egg
✅✅
4. Mitosis produces an embryo contained in a seed that is surrounded by fruit
5. Mitosis within the embryo produces a sporophyte - -Angiosperm
According to scientific evidence, what is the order in which plant lineages (taxonomic
groups) originated? In the correct answer, the first lineage listed was the first to emerge
(in an evolutionary sense), and the last lineage listed emerged most recently.
a) Seedless vascular plants (e.g., ferns), green algae, seed plants (i.e., gymnosperms,
angiosperms), nonvascular plants (e.g., mosses)
b) Seed plants, seedless vascular plants, green algae, nonvascular plants
✅✅
c) Green algae, nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, seed plants
d) Green algae, seed plants, nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants - -c)
Green algae, nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, seed plants
Where are you LEAST likely to see green algae?
a) Growing independently on wet rock in ponds and lakes
b) Floating in seas and oceans
c) As pink snow in the mountains in summer
d) Growing independently on dry rock in meadows
✅✅
e) Growing symbiotically with fungi in lichens or with some invertebrate animals -
-d) Growing independently on dry rock in meadows
A stoma consists of a _____.
a) gap where primary and secondary cell walls are missing
b) pore surrounded by specialized guard cells
c) water-conducting cell with vessel elements
