A4M Practice Test Complete Questions And Correct
Answers
1. Identify the true statement(s) concerning the role of mitochondria in longevity,
aging, and disease.
a. Decreased mitochondrial function results in increased oxidative damage,
caused by free radical formation combined with a decrease in antioxidant enzyme
system activity.
b. Maternal transmission of mitochondrial genomes is a factor in differences in
longevity between male and female organisms (Drosophila model)
c. Alteration of the electron transport chain (ETC) promotes survival and enhances
longevity (C. elegans model).
d. a, b, c are true statements
e. Only a and b are true statements
1. d
For questions 2-4, match the property of the therapeutic compound, with its
correct name:
2. Shown to reduce all-cause mortality, as well as mortality specifically due to
cardiovascular disease and cancers, in men.
3. Shown to decrease the rate of telomere shortening.
4. Combined with calcium, shown to reduce mortality in the elderly.
a. Vitamin C
,b. Vitamin D3
c. Vitamin E
d. CoEnzyme Q10
e. EPA/DHA
2. a
3. e
4. b
5. Identify the true statements concerning the role of the inflammation in aging
and disease:
a. Inflammation is implicated as a key factor in arthritis, asthma, allergies,
diabetes, and heart disease.
b. The two major classes of inflammatory messengers are prostaglandins and
interleukins.
c. Activation of the protein complex nuclear factor kappa beta in response to
oxidative stress triggers as increase in pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1,
IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha.
d. Only a and b are true statements.
e. Only a and c are true statements.
5. e
(the 2 major classes of inflammatory messengers are prostaglandins and
leukotrienes)
, 6. Identify the true statements concerning lifestyle (non-pharmacological)
approaches in hypertensive patients:
a. A large percentage of essential HTN patients may be appropriate candidates, as
long as blood pressure is evaluated and clinical target organ damage, clinical CVD,
DM, or significant risk factors are not present at the time of diagnosis and do not
develop later.
b. Optimum nutrition, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals are counter indicated
in patients taking antihypertensive drugs.
c. Non-pharmacological approaches to HTN are not valuable in patients with
normal BP.
d. A, b, c are true statements.
e. None of the above are true statements.
6. a
b. ...may provide excellent adjunctive treatment...
c. ...should be encouraged...
7. Identify the true statements concerning the role of increased oxidative stress in
HTN:
a. Increases oxidative stress is due to increased generation of ROS with a
suppressed response to ROS.
b. Arachidonic acid metabolites do not contribute to increased levels or ROS.
c. A reduced antioxidant reserve results from lower intracellular, extracellular,
enzymatic, and non-enzymatic antioxidants.
d. a, b, and c are true statements
e. None of the above are true statements.
Answers
1. Identify the true statement(s) concerning the role of mitochondria in longevity,
aging, and disease.
a. Decreased mitochondrial function results in increased oxidative damage,
caused by free radical formation combined with a decrease in antioxidant enzyme
system activity.
b. Maternal transmission of mitochondrial genomes is a factor in differences in
longevity between male and female organisms (Drosophila model)
c. Alteration of the electron transport chain (ETC) promotes survival and enhances
longevity (C. elegans model).
d. a, b, c are true statements
e. Only a and b are true statements
1. d
For questions 2-4, match the property of the therapeutic compound, with its
correct name:
2. Shown to reduce all-cause mortality, as well as mortality specifically due to
cardiovascular disease and cancers, in men.
3. Shown to decrease the rate of telomere shortening.
4. Combined with calcium, shown to reduce mortality in the elderly.
a. Vitamin C
,b. Vitamin D3
c. Vitamin E
d. CoEnzyme Q10
e. EPA/DHA
2. a
3. e
4. b
5. Identify the true statements concerning the role of the inflammation in aging
and disease:
a. Inflammation is implicated as a key factor in arthritis, asthma, allergies,
diabetes, and heart disease.
b. The two major classes of inflammatory messengers are prostaglandins and
interleukins.
c. Activation of the protein complex nuclear factor kappa beta in response to
oxidative stress triggers as increase in pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1,
IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha.
d. Only a and b are true statements.
e. Only a and c are true statements.
5. e
(the 2 major classes of inflammatory messengers are prostaglandins and
leukotrienes)
, 6. Identify the true statements concerning lifestyle (non-pharmacological)
approaches in hypertensive patients:
a. A large percentage of essential HTN patients may be appropriate candidates, as
long as blood pressure is evaluated and clinical target organ damage, clinical CVD,
DM, or significant risk factors are not present at the time of diagnosis and do not
develop later.
b. Optimum nutrition, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals are counter indicated
in patients taking antihypertensive drugs.
c. Non-pharmacological approaches to HTN are not valuable in patients with
normal BP.
d. A, b, c are true statements.
e. None of the above are true statements.
6. a
b. ...may provide excellent adjunctive treatment...
c. ...should be encouraged...
7. Identify the true statements concerning the role of increased oxidative stress in
HTN:
a. Increases oxidative stress is due to increased generation of ROS with a
suppressed response to ROS.
b. Arachidonic acid metabolites do not contribute to increased levels or ROS.
c. A reduced antioxidant reserve results from lower intracellular, extracellular,
enzymatic, and non-enzymatic antioxidants.
d. a, b, and c are true statements
e. None of the above are true statements.
