Genetics Essentials: Concepts and
Connections (5th Edition) – Complete Test
Bank for Chapters 1–18 Questions and
Answers 2026/2027 Sure Pass
# Term Definition
1 Gen.01 - Quantitative Continuous; not fixed to integer
traits Distinguish numbers, don't always follow
between continuous, normal distributions, i.e. height,
meristic and threshold mass, growth rate Merisitc;
traits countable traits (integers), i.e.
Drosophila bristles Threshold;
multifactorial traits that aren't
expressed until their cumulative
effects reach a critical threshold
value for expression, i.e.
diabetes
2 Gen.01 - Quantitative Wide distribution due to
traits Outline the polygenic varn; segregation of
basis of quantitative multiple independent loci. Loci =
traits physical location on
chromosomethat can
accommodate multiple genes
Can have significant enviro
contribution, i.e. nutrient
availability
,3 Gen.01 - Quantitative Controlled by a single bialleic
traits Outline the gene, A and a, i.e. Huntington's
inheritance of Parental cross: Aa(2.5)x Aa(2.5),
monogenic traits with A.25 and a=0.25 Gives 1:2:1
aa:Aa:AA Assumes Mendelian
4 Gen.01 - Quantitative Distribution of pheno in 2 gene
traits Outline the bialleic model w/o enviro effect
inheritance of These proportions assume that
polygenic traits the allele frequencies in the
populationare equal i.e. A = 0.5, a
= 0.5, B = 0.5, b = 0.5 1:4:6:4:1
5 Gen.01 - Quantitative Assumes genes are additive For
traits Outline n bialleic additive genes:
polygenic theory Pheno= 2n+1 *helpful
theoretical model, but little real
application
6 Gen.01 - Quantitative Distribution of pheno in 2
traits Outline pheno bialleic genes w/ enviro effect
varn Assumes enviro causes 50% varn
- 50% of each geno to
randomly increase or decrease
by 1 unit Doesn't fit normal
1:4:6:4:1 distribution of 5
pheno- end up w/ 11 pheno of
greater distribution
,GENETICS
# Term Definition
7 Gen.01 - Quantitative Use n-1 because its a sample of
traits Outline pheno the popn, divide by n only when
varn (Vp) in a measuring the total popn
quantitative trait
8 Gen.01 - Quantitative Individuals pheno expression may
traits Outline deviate from populationµ due to: -
individual difference in Differences in
pheno expression trait-determining loci, diff genic
positions
-variation in their environments
9 Gen.01 - Quantitative Ve estimated by trying to make
traits Discuss genotypes uniform (i.e. Vg=0),
components of but growing in diff enviro
phenotypic variation condition- clones or recomb
inbred lines Vg estimate if Ve=0,
diff geno grown in same enviro
conditions- stringent lab
conditions (control enviro as
much as possible)
, GENETICS
10 Gen.01 - Proportion of the total genotypic
Quantitative traits varn caused by: Va=additive
Components of genetic varn; thesum of the
pheno varn in phenotypic effects of alleles when
relation to assembled in the genotypes Vd=
genotypic variation Dominance genetic variance;
thedeviation of genotypic
values from their values under
additive gene action dueto
dominance Vi= =Epistatic or
interaction genetic variance;
deviationof genotypic values
from their values under additive
gene action due tointeraction
among loci
11 Gen.01 - Quantitative Vioften assumed to be zero or
traits What value does lumped in with Vd asthe “non-
Vi often take? additive effects”
Connections (5th Edition) – Complete Test
Bank for Chapters 1–18 Questions and
Answers 2026/2027 Sure Pass
# Term Definition
1 Gen.01 - Quantitative Continuous; not fixed to integer
traits Distinguish numbers, don't always follow
between continuous, normal distributions, i.e. height,
meristic and threshold mass, growth rate Merisitc;
traits countable traits (integers), i.e.
Drosophila bristles Threshold;
multifactorial traits that aren't
expressed until their cumulative
effects reach a critical threshold
value for expression, i.e.
diabetes
2 Gen.01 - Quantitative Wide distribution due to
traits Outline the polygenic varn; segregation of
basis of quantitative multiple independent loci. Loci =
traits physical location on
chromosomethat can
accommodate multiple genes
Can have significant enviro
contribution, i.e. nutrient
availability
,3 Gen.01 - Quantitative Controlled by a single bialleic
traits Outline the gene, A and a, i.e. Huntington's
inheritance of Parental cross: Aa(2.5)x Aa(2.5),
monogenic traits with A.25 and a=0.25 Gives 1:2:1
aa:Aa:AA Assumes Mendelian
4 Gen.01 - Quantitative Distribution of pheno in 2 gene
traits Outline the bialleic model w/o enviro effect
inheritance of These proportions assume that
polygenic traits the allele frequencies in the
populationare equal i.e. A = 0.5, a
= 0.5, B = 0.5, b = 0.5 1:4:6:4:1
5 Gen.01 - Quantitative Assumes genes are additive For
traits Outline n bialleic additive genes:
polygenic theory Pheno= 2n+1 *helpful
theoretical model, but little real
application
6 Gen.01 - Quantitative Distribution of pheno in 2
traits Outline pheno bialleic genes w/ enviro effect
varn Assumes enviro causes 50% varn
- 50% of each geno to
randomly increase or decrease
by 1 unit Doesn't fit normal
1:4:6:4:1 distribution of 5
pheno- end up w/ 11 pheno of
greater distribution
,GENETICS
# Term Definition
7 Gen.01 - Quantitative Use n-1 because its a sample of
traits Outline pheno the popn, divide by n only when
varn (Vp) in a measuring the total popn
quantitative trait
8 Gen.01 - Quantitative Individuals pheno expression may
traits Outline deviate from populationµ due to: -
individual difference in Differences in
pheno expression trait-determining loci, diff genic
positions
-variation in their environments
9 Gen.01 - Quantitative Ve estimated by trying to make
traits Discuss genotypes uniform (i.e. Vg=0),
components of but growing in diff enviro
phenotypic variation condition- clones or recomb
inbred lines Vg estimate if Ve=0,
diff geno grown in same enviro
conditions- stringent lab
conditions (control enviro as
much as possible)
, GENETICS
10 Gen.01 - Proportion of the total genotypic
Quantitative traits varn caused by: Va=additive
Components of genetic varn; thesum of the
pheno varn in phenotypic effects of alleles when
relation to assembled in the genotypes Vd=
genotypic variation Dominance genetic variance;
thedeviation of genotypic
values from their values under
additive gene action dueto
dominance Vi= =Epistatic or
interaction genetic variance;
deviationof genotypic values
from their values under additive
gene action due tointeraction
among loci
11 Gen.01 - Quantitative Vioften assumed to be zero or
traits What value does lumped in with Vd asthe “non-
Vi often take? additive effects”
