SOLUTION MANUAL FOR v v
Introduction to Criminal Justice 10e Robert M. Bohm, Keith N. Haley
v v v v v v v v v v
Chapter 1-14 v
Chapter 1 v
Crime and Justice in the United States
v v v v v v
Overview
vThevchaptervbeginsvbyvdiscussingvcrimevinvthevUnitedvStates.vItvbrieflyvdescribesvseveralvfamo
usvcriminalvcasesvinvrecentvhistory.vCriminalvjusticevisvexaminedvasvavsystem.vThatvsystemvincl
udesvthevpolice,vthevcourts,vandvcorrections.vThevpolicevdealvwithvcrime,vcrimevcontrol,varrests,
vandvbookings.vThevprosecutionvdealsvwithvchargingvthevdefendants. vThevprosecutionvalsovdete
rminesvifvthevsuspectvhasvcommittedvavmisdemeanor,vanvordinancevviolation,vorvavfelony.vItvma
yvfilevanvinformationvorvanvindictment.vAnvarrestvwarrantvmayvbevissuedvbyvthevcourtvsovthatvth
evpolicevmayvarrestvavsuspect.
Therevarevavvarietyvofvstagesvinvavcourtvthatvdefendantsvmayvexperience.vTheyvmayvhavevanvinit
ialvappearance,vanvarraignment,vandvavbailvset;vavpreliminaryvhearingvmayvoccur.
Defendantsvmayvhavevavbenchvtrialvorvavjuryvtrial.vTheyvmayvparticipatevinvpleavbargainingvorvsi
mplyvpleadvguiltyvandvreceivevtheirvsentence.
Convictedvdefendantsvthenvbecomevpartvofvthevcorrectionalvsystem,vwherevtheyvmayvreceivevp
robation,vintermediatevpunishments,vorvincarceration.vAftervservingvavportionvofvtheirvsentenc
e,vtheyvmayvbevparoled.vNext,vthevchaptervdiscussesvhowvthevcriminalvjusticevsystemvisvsometi
mesvviewedvasvavnonsystemvbecausevofvthevdifferencesvamongvdifferentvjurisdictionsvofvindep
endentvagenciesvwithinvthevUnitedvStatesvandvthevconflictvandvconfusionvamongvthem.
Thevchaptervthenvpresentsvthevtwovmodelsvofvthevcriminalvjusticevsystem.vThevfirst,vthevcrimevc
ontrolvmodel,vreflectsvtraditionalvconservativevpoliticalvvalues.vInvthisvmodel,vthevcontrolvofvcri
minalvbehaviorvisvthevmostvimportantvfunctionvofvcriminalvjustice.vThevsecond,vthevduevproces
svmodel,vembodiesvtraditionalvliberalvpoliticalvvalues.vInvthisvmodel,vthevprincipalvgoalvofvcrimi
nalvjusticevisvatvleastvasvmuchvtovprotectvthevinnocentvasvitvisvtovconvictvthevguilty.
Bohm,vIntroductionvtovCriminalvJustice,v10e
Copyrightv©2021vMcGraw-HillvEducation.vAllvrightsvreserved. vNovreproductionvorvdistributionvwithoutvthevpriorvwrittenvconsentvofvMcGraw-
HillvEducation.
,Thevchaptervendsvwithvavdiscussionvofvmythsvaboutvcrimevandvcriminalvjustice.vThevchaptervals
ovusesvthevhistoryvofvtrialvbyvordealvasvanvexample.vThroughoutvthevbook,vcriminalvjusticevmyth
svarevexposedvandvexplained.
Lecture Outlinev
I. CrimevinvthevUnitedvStates
Everyvdayvpeoplevarevconfrontedvwithvreportsvofvcrimevinvnewspapers,vmagazines,vandvradiova
ndvtelevisionvnewsvprograms.vCrimevisvavfavoritevsubjectvofvmoviesvandvnovels.
Unfortunately,vsomevpeoplevencountervcrimevmorevdirectlyvasvvictims.vNovwondervcrimevisvavt
opvconcernvofvthevAmericanvpublic.
II. CriminalvJustice:vAnvInstitutionvofvSocialvControl
Likevthevfamily,vschools,vorganizedvreligion,vthevmedia,vandvthevlaw,vcriminalvjusticevisvanvin
stitutionvofvsocialvcontrolvinvthevUnitedvStates.vAvprimaryvrolevofvsuchvinstitutionsvisvtovpers
uadevpeople,vthroughvsubtlevandvnot-so-
subtlevmeans,vtovabidevbyvthevdominantvvaluesvofvsociety.vSubtlevmeansvofvpersuasionvinclude
vgossipvandvpeervpressure, vwhereasvexpulsionvandvincarcerationvarevexamplesvofvnot-so-
subtlevmeans.
III. CriminalvJustice:vThevSystem
CriminalvjusticevinvthevUnitedvStatesvisvadministeredvbyvavloosevconfederationvofvmorevthanv50
,000vagenciesvofvfederal,vstate,vandvlocalvgovernments.vTherevarevdifferencesvinvthevwaysvthevc
riminalvjusticevsystemvoperatesvinvdifferentvjurisdictions,vtherevarevalsovsimilarities.vThevtermvj
urisdiction,vasvusedvhere,vmeansvavpoliticallyvdefinedvgeographicalvarea.
Misdemeanorsvarevlessvseriousvcrimesvgenerallyvpunishablevbyvavfinevorvbyvincarcerationvinvj
ailvforvnotvmorevthanvonevyear.vFeloniesvarevseriousvoffensesvpunishablevbyvconfinementvinvpr
isonvforvmorevthanvonevyearvorvbyvdeath.
A. Police
Thevcriminalvjusticevresponsevtovcrimevbeginsvwhenvavcrimevisvreportedvtovthevpolicevor,vfar
vlessvoften,vwhenvthevpolicevthemselvesvdiscovervthatvavcrimevhasvbeenvcommitted.
Often,vanvarrestvsupportedvbyvwitnessvstatementsvandvcrimevscenevevidencevisvsufficientvto
vclosevavcase,vespeciallyvwithvavlessvseriousvcrime.
Bohm,vIntroductionvtovCriminalvJustice,v10e
Copyrightv©2021vMcGraw-HillvEducation.vAllvrightsvreserved. vNovreproductionvorvdistributionvwithoutvthevpriorvwrittenvconsentvofvMcGraw-
HillvEducation.
, Anvarrestvisvthevseizingvandvdetainingvofvavpersonvbyvlawfulvauthority.vBookingvisvthevadministrati
vevrecordingvofvthevarrest.
B. Courts
Soonvaftervavsuspectvhasvbeenvarrestedvandvbooked,vavprosecutorvreviewsvthevfactsvofvthevcas
evandvthevavailablevevidence.vThevprosecutorvdecidesvwhethervtovchargevthevsuspectvwithvav
crimevorvcrimes.
PretrialvStages
Aftervthevchargevorvchargesvhavevbeenvfiled,vthevsuspect,vwhovisvnowvthevdefendant,visvb
roughtvbeforevavlower-
courtvjudgevforvanvinitialvappearance.vAtvthevinitialvappearance,vthevdefendantvisvgivenvf
ormalvnoticevofvthevchargevorvchargesvagainstvhimvorvhervandvadvisedvofvhisvorvhervconstit
utionalvrights.vInvthevcasevofvavmisdemeanorvorvanvordinancevviolation,vavsummaryvtrial
v(anvimmediatevtrialvwithoutvavjury)vmayvbevheld.
Probablevcausevisvavstandardvofvproofvthatvrequiresvtrustworthyvevidencevsufficientvtov
makevavreasonablevpersonvbelievevthat,vmorevlikelyvthanvnot,vthevproposedvactionvisvjusti
fied.vBail,vusuallyvavmonetaryvguaranteevdepositedvwithvthevcourt,visvmeantvtovensurevth
atvthevdefendantvwillvappearvatvavlatervstagevinvthevcriminalvjusticevprocess.vInvaboutvhalfv
ofvallvstates,vavpreliminaryvhearingvfollowsvthevinitialvappearance.vAvgrandvjuryvisvavg
roupvofvcitizensvwhovmeetvinvclosedvsessionsvforvavspecifiedvperiodvtovinvestigatevcharge
svcomingvfromvpreliminaryvhearingsvandvtovfulfillvothervresponsibilities.
Invstatesvthatvdovnotvusevgrandvjuries,vprosecutorsvchargevdefendantsvwithvavdocumentvc
alledvanvinformation.vAnvinformationvoutlinesvthevformalvchargevorvcharges,vthevlawvor
vlawsvthatvhavevbeen vviolated,vandvthevevidencevtovsupportvthevchargevorvcharges.
Oncevanvindictmentvorvinformationvisvfiledvwithvthevtrialvcourt,vthevdefendantvisvschedule
dvforvarraignment—
thevprimaryvpurposevofvarraignmentvisvtovhearvthevformalvinformationvorvindictmentvandvt
ovallowvthevdefendantvtoventervavplea.vAboutv95%vofvcriminalvdefendantsvpleadvguiltyvtov
thevchargesvagainstvthemvinvanvarrangementvcalledvpleavbargaining—
thevpracticevwherebyvthevprosecutor,vthevdefensevattorney,vthevdefendant,vand,vinvmanyvj
urisdictions,vthevjudgevagreevonvavspecificvsentencevtovbevimposedvifvthevaccusedvpleadsv
guiltyvtovanvagreed-onvchargevorvchargesvinsteadvofvgoingvtovtrial.
Bohm,vIntroductionvtovCriminalvJustice,v10e
Copyrightv©2021vMcGraw-HillvEducation.vAllvrightsvreserved. vNovreproductionvorvdistributionvwithoutvthevpriorvwrittenvconsentvofvMcGraw-
HillvEducation.
, LecturevTip:vThevstudentsvmayvwantvtovdiscussvthesevitemsvinvmorevdetailvthanvti
mevallows.vAssurevthemvthatveachvofvthesevitemsvwillvbevdiscussedvinvdetailvlatervi
nvthevbook.
Trial
Ifvavdefendantvpleadsvnotvguiltyvorvnotvguiltyvbyvreasonvofvinsanity,vavtrialvdatevisvset.vAp
proximatelyv2%vofvcriminalvcasesvinvolvevjuryvtrials.vThevremainingvcasesvthatvarevnotvre
solvedvthroughvpleavbargainingvarevdecidedvbyvavjudgevinvavbenchvtrial—
avtrialvbeforevavjudgevwithoutvavjury.vIfvthevjudgevorvthevjuryvfindsvthevdefendantvguiltyvas
vcharged,vthevjudgevbeginsvtovconsidervavsentence.
C. Corrections
Presentencevinvestigationvreportsvarevusedvinvthevfederalvsystemvandvinvthevmajorityvofvstat
esvtovhelpvjudgesvdeterminevappropriatevsentences.vFivevgeneralvtypesvofvpunishmentvarevin
vusevinvthevUnitedvStates:vfines,vprobation,vintermediatevpunishments,v imprisonment,vandvd
eath.vProbationvisvavsentencevinvwhichvthevoffendervisvretainedvinvthevcommunityvundervthev
supervisionvofvavprobationvagencyvrathervthanvbeingvincarcerated.vItvisvthevmostvfrequentlyvi
mposedvsentencevinvthevU.S.
Defendantsvwhovarevfoundvguiltyvmayvappealvonveithervlegalvorvconstitutionalvgorunds.vAp
pellatevcourtsvmayvaffirmvthevlowervcourt’svverdictvandvletvitvstand,vmodifyvthevverdictvwith
outvtotallyvreversingvit,vreversevthevverdict,vorvreversevthevdecisionvandvremandvitvtovthevlow
ervcourtvforvretrialvorvresentencing.
Parolevisvthevconditionalvreleasevofvprisonersvbeforevtheyvhavevservedvtheirvfullvsentences.v
Thevdecisionvtovgrantvparolevisvusuallyvmadevbyvavparolevboard.vNotvallvjurisdictiosnvinv thev
U.S.vgrantvparole
IV. CriminalvJustice:vThevNonsystem
Therevarevseveralvreasonsvwhyvcallingvcriminalvjusticevav―system‖vmayvbevinappropriatevandvm
isleading.vFirst,vtherevisvnovsinglev―criminalvjusticevsystem‖vinvthevUnitedvStates.vSecond,vifvav
systemvisvthoughtvofvasvavsmoothlyvoperatingvsetvofvarrangementsvandvinstitutionsvdirectedvto
wardvthevachievementvofvcommonvgoals,vonevisvhard-
pressedvtovcallvthevoperationvofvcriminalvjusticevinvthevUnitedvStatesvavsystem.vInstead,vbecause
vtherevisvconsiderablevconflictvandvconfusionvamongvdifferent vagenciesvofvcriminalvjustice,vavm
orevaccurate
Bohm,vIntroductionvtovCriminalvJustice,v10e
Copyrightv©2021vMcGraw-HillvEducation.vAllvrightsvreserved. vNovreproductionvorvdistributionvwithoutvthevpriorvwrittenvconsentvofvMcGraw-
HillvEducation.
Introduction to Criminal Justice 10e Robert M. Bohm, Keith N. Haley
v v v v v v v v v v
Chapter 1-14 v
Chapter 1 v
Crime and Justice in the United States
v v v v v v
Overview
vThevchaptervbeginsvbyvdiscussingvcrimevinvthevUnitedvStates.vItvbrieflyvdescribesvseveralvfamo
usvcriminalvcasesvinvrecentvhistory.vCriminalvjusticevisvexaminedvasvavsystem.vThatvsystemvincl
udesvthevpolice,vthevcourts,vandvcorrections.vThevpolicevdealvwithvcrime,vcrimevcontrol,varrests,
vandvbookings.vThevprosecutionvdealsvwithvchargingvthevdefendants. vThevprosecutionvalsovdete
rminesvifvthevsuspectvhasvcommittedvavmisdemeanor,vanvordinancevviolation,vorvavfelony.vItvma
yvfilevanvinformationvorvanvindictment.vAnvarrestvwarrantvmayvbevissuedvbyvthevcourtvsovthatvth
evpolicevmayvarrestvavsuspect.
Therevarevavvarietyvofvstagesvinvavcourtvthatvdefendantsvmayvexperience.vTheyvmayvhavevanvinit
ialvappearance,vanvarraignment,vandvavbailvset;vavpreliminaryvhearingvmayvoccur.
Defendantsvmayvhavevavbenchvtrialvorvavjuryvtrial.vTheyvmayvparticipatevinvpleavbargainingvorvsi
mplyvpleadvguiltyvandvreceivevtheirvsentence.
Convictedvdefendantsvthenvbecomevpartvofvthevcorrectionalvsystem,vwherevtheyvmayvreceivevp
robation,vintermediatevpunishments,vorvincarceration.vAftervservingvavportionvofvtheirvsentenc
e,vtheyvmayvbevparoled.vNext,vthevchaptervdiscussesvhowvthevcriminalvjusticevsystemvisvsometi
mesvviewedvasvavnonsystemvbecausevofvthevdifferencesvamongvdifferentvjurisdictionsvofvindep
endentvagenciesvwithinvthevUnitedvStatesvandvthevconflictvandvconfusionvamongvthem.
Thevchaptervthenvpresentsvthevtwovmodelsvofvthevcriminalvjusticevsystem.vThevfirst,vthevcrimevc
ontrolvmodel,vreflectsvtraditionalvconservativevpoliticalvvalues.vInvthisvmodel,vthevcontrolvofvcri
minalvbehaviorvisvthevmostvimportantvfunctionvofvcriminalvjustice.vThevsecond,vthevduevproces
svmodel,vembodiesvtraditionalvliberalvpoliticalvvalues.vInvthisvmodel,vthevprincipalvgoalvofvcrimi
nalvjusticevisvatvleastvasvmuchvtovprotectvthevinnocentvasvitvisvtovconvictvthevguilty.
Bohm,vIntroductionvtovCriminalvJustice,v10e
Copyrightv©2021vMcGraw-HillvEducation.vAllvrightsvreserved. vNovreproductionvorvdistributionvwithoutvthevpriorvwrittenvconsentvofvMcGraw-
HillvEducation.
,Thevchaptervendsvwithvavdiscussionvofvmythsvaboutvcrimevandvcriminalvjustice.vThevchaptervals
ovusesvthevhistoryvofvtrialvbyvordealvasvanvexample.vThroughoutvthevbook,vcriminalvjusticevmyth
svarevexposedvandvexplained.
Lecture Outlinev
I. CrimevinvthevUnitedvStates
Everyvdayvpeoplevarevconfrontedvwithvreportsvofvcrimevinvnewspapers,vmagazines,vandvradiova
ndvtelevisionvnewsvprograms.vCrimevisvavfavoritevsubjectvofvmoviesvandvnovels.
Unfortunately,vsomevpeoplevencountervcrimevmorevdirectlyvasvvictims.vNovwondervcrimevisvavt
opvconcernvofvthevAmericanvpublic.
II. CriminalvJustice:vAnvInstitutionvofvSocialvControl
Likevthevfamily,vschools,vorganizedvreligion,vthevmedia,vandvthevlaw,vcriminalvjusticevisvanvin
stitutionvofvsocialvcontrolvinvthevUnitedvStates.vAvprimaryvrolevofvsuchvinstitutionsvisvtovpers
uadevpeople,vthroughvsubtlevandvnot-so-
subtlevmeans,vtovabidevbyvthevdominantvvaluesvofvsociety.vSubtlevmeansvofvpersuasionvinclude
vgossipvandvpeervpressure, vwhereasvexpulsionvandvincarcerationvarevexamplesvofvnot-so-
subtlevmeans.
III. CriminalvJustice:vThevSystem
CriminalvjusticevinvthevUnitedvStatesvisvadministeredvbyvavloosevconfederationvofvmorevthanv50
,000vagenciesvofvfederal,vstate,vandvlocalvgovernments.vTherevarevdifferencesvinvthevwaysvthevc
riminalvjusticevsystemvoperatesvinvdifferentvjurisdictions,vtherevarevalsovsimilarities.vThevtermvj
urisdiction,vasvusedvhere,vmeansvavpoliticallyvdefinedvgeographicalvarea.
Misdemeanorsvarevlessvseriousvcrimesvgenerallyvpunishablevbyvavfinevorvbyvincarcerationvinvj
ailvforvnotvmorevthanvonevyear.vFeloniesvarevseriousvoffensesvpunishablevbyvconfinementvinvpr
isonvforvmorevthanvonevyearvorvbyvdeath.
A. Police
Thevcriminalvjusticevresponsevtovcrimevbeginsvwhenvavcrimevisvreportedvtovthevpolicevor,vfar
vlessvoften,vwhenvthevpolicevthemselvesvdiscovervthatvavcrimevhasvbeenvcommitted.
Often,vanvarrestvsupportedvbyvwitnessvstatementsvandvcrimevscenevevidencevisvsufficientvto
vclosevavcase,vespeciallyvwithvavlessvseriousvcrime.
Bohm,vIntroductionvtovCriminalvJustice,v10e
Copyrightv©2021vMcGraw-HillvEducation.vAllvrightsvreserved. vNovreproductionvorvdistributionvwithoutvthevpriorvwrittenvconsentvofvMcGraw-
HillvEducation.
, Anvarrestvisvthevseizingvandvdetainingvofvavpersonvbyvlawfulvauthority.vBookingvisvthevadministrati
vevrecordingvofvthevarrest.
B. Courts
Soonvaftervavsuspectvhasvbeenvarrestedvandvbooked,vavprosecutorvreviewsvthevfactsvofvthevcas
evandvthevavailablevevidence.vThevprosecutorvdecidesvwhethervtovchargevthevsuspectvwithvav
crimevorvcrimes.
PretrialvStages
Aftervthevchargevorvchargesvhavevbeenvfiled,vthevsuspect,vwhovisvnowvthevdefendant,visvb
roughtvbeforevavlower-
courtvjudgevforvanvinitialvappearance.vAtvthevinitialvappearance,vthevdefendantvisvgivenvf
ormalvnoticevofvthevchargevorvchargesvagainstvhimvorvhervandvadvisedvofvhisvorvhervconstit
utionalvrights.vInvthevcasevofvavmisdemeanorvorvanvordinancevviolation,vavsummaryvtrial
v(anvimmediatevtrialvwithoutvavjury)vmayvbevheld.
Probablevcausevisvavstandardvofvproofvthatvrequiresvtrustworthyvevidencevsufficientvtov
makevavreasonablevpersonvbelievevthat,vmorevlikelyvthanvnot,vthevproposedvactionvisvjusti
fied.vBail,vusuallyvavmonetaryvguaranteevdepositedvwithvthevcourt,visvmeantvtovensurevth
atvthevdefendantvwillvappearvatvavlatervstagevinvthevcriminalvjusticevprocess.vInvaboutvhalfv
ofvallvstates,vavpreliminaryvhearingvfollowsvthevinitialvappearance.vAvgrandvjuryvisvavg
roupvofvcitizensvwhovmeetvinvclosedvsessionsvforvavspecifiedvperiodvtovinvestigatevcharge
svcomingvfromvpreliminaryvhearingsvandvtovfulfillvothervresponsibilities.
Invstatesvthatvdovnotvusevgrandvjuries,vprosecutorsvchargevdefendantsvwithvavdocumentvc
alledvanvinformation.vAnvinformationvoutlinesvthevformalvchargevorvcharges,vthevlawvor
vlawsvthatvhavevbeen vviolated,vandvthevevidencevtovsupportvthevchargevorvcharges.
Oncevanvindictmentvorvinformationvisvfiledvwithvthevtrialvcourt,vthevdefendantvisvschedule
dvforvarraignment—
thevprimaryvpurposevofvarraignmentvisvtovhearvthevformalvinformationvorvindictmentvandvt
ovallowvthevdefendantvtoventervavplea.vAboutv95%vofvcriminalvdefendantsvpleadvguiltyvtov
thevchargesvagainstvthemvinvanvarrangementvcalledvpleavbargaining—
thevpracticevwherebyvthevprosecutor,vthevdefensevattorney,vthevdefendant,vand,vinvmanyvj
urisdictions,vthevjudgevagreevonvavspecificvsentencevtovbevimposedvifvthevaccusedvpleadsv
guiltyvtovanvagreed-onvchargevorvchargesvinsteadvofvgoingvtovtrial.
Bohm,vIntroductionvtovCriminalvJustice,v10e
Copyrightv©2021vMcGraw-HillvEducation.vAllvrightsvreserved. vNovreproductionvorvdistributionvwithoutvthevpriorvwrittenvconsentvofvMcGraw-
HillvEducation.
, LecturevTip:vThevstudentsvmayvwantvtovdiscussvthesevitemsvinvmorevdetailvthanvti
mevallows.vAssurevthemvthatveachvofvthesevitemsvwillvbevdiscussedvinvdetailvlatervi
nvthevbook.
Trial
Ifvavdefendantvpleadsvnotvguiltyvorvnotvguiltyvbyvreasonvofvinsanity,vavtrialvdatevisvset.vAp
proximatelyv2%vofvcriminalvcasesvinvolvevjuryvtrials.vThevremainingvcasesvthatvarevnotvre
solvedvthroughvpleavbargainingvarevdecidedvbyvavjudgevinvavbenchvtrial—
avtrialvbeforevavjudgevwithoutvavjury.vIfvthevjudgevorvthevjuryvfindsvthevdefendantvguiltyvas
vcharged,vthevjudgevbeginsvtovconsidervavsentence.
C. Corrections
Presentencevinvestigationvreportsvarevusedvinvthevfederalvsystemvandvinvthevmajorityvofvstat
esvtovhelpvjudgesvdeterminevappropriatevsentences.vFivevgeneralvtypesvofvpunishmentvarevin
vusevinvthevUnitedvStates:vfines,vprobation,vintermediatevpunishments,v imprisonment,vandvd
eath.vProbationvisvavsentencevinvwhichvthevoffendervisvretainedvinvthevcommunityvundervthev
supervisionvofvavprobationvagencyvrathervthanvbeingvincarcerated.vItvisvthevmostvfrequentlyvi
mposedvsentencevinvthevU.S.
Defendantsvwhovarevfoundvguiltyvmayvappealvonveithervlegalvorvconstitutionalvgorunds.vAp
pellatevcourtsvmayvaffirmvthevlowervcourt’svverdictvandvletvitvstand,vmodifyvthevverdictvwith
outvtotallyvreversingvit,vreversevthevverdict,vorvreversevthevdecisionvandvremandvitvtovthevlow
ervcourtvforvretrialvorvresentencing.
Parolevisvthevconditionalvreleasevofvprisonersvbeforevtheyvhavevservedvtheirvfullvsentences.v
Thevdecisionvtovgrantvparolevisvusuallyvmadevbyvavparolevboard.vNotvallvjurisdictiosnvinv thev
U.S.vgrantvparole
IV. CriminalvJustice:vThevNonsystem
Therevarevseveralvreasonsvwhyvcallingvcriminalvjusticevav―system‖vmayvbevinappropriatevandvm
isleading.vFirst,vtherevisvnovsinglev―criminalvjusticevsystem‖vinvthevUnitedvStates.vSecond,vifvav
systemvisvthoughtvofvasvavsmoothlyvoperatingvsetvofvarrangementsvandvinstitutionsvdirectedvto
wardvthevachievementvofvcommonvgoals,vonevisvhard-
pressedvtovcallvthevoperationvofvcriminalvjusticevinvthevUnitedvStatesvavsystem.vInstead,vbecause
vtherevisvconsiderablevconflictvandvconfusionvamongvdifferent vagenciesvofvcriminalvjustice,vavm
orevaccurate
Bohm,vIntroductionvtovCriminalvJustice,v10e
Copyrightv©2021vMcGraw-HillvEducation.vAllvrightsvreserved. vNovreproductionvorvdistributionvwithoutvthevpriorvwrittenvconsentvofvMcGraw-
HillvEducation.
