Describe the pathophysiology of acute and chronic complications of diabetes:
- DKA
- hypoglycemia
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DKA: short-term complication of T1DM, and sometimes T2DM (if pancreatic
beta cell failure occurs).
- Patho: ketones accumulate in the blood due to absence of endogenous
insulin, alter pH, and cause metabolic acidosis resulting in severe nausea,
vomiting, and profound dehydration (Kussmaul's respirations key sx). To
compensate, the lungs hyperventilate to attempt to rid CO2 from the body.
Hypoglycemia: occurs due to excessive exogenous insulin, inadequate
food intake, stress, excessive physical activity, infection, illness, alcohol use
disorder, drug interactions, surgery, or excess insulin.
- Patho: when blood glucose drops below 70 mg/dL, hypothalamic region
and portal vein of liver activate adrenal gland, pancreas, and liver as
compensatory mechanisms. Epi and glucagon are released to activate SNS
to raise blood glucose. Epi and glucagon promote glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis to break down muscle protein, triglycerides, and fat
tissue to supply the liver and kidneys with amino acids for gluconeogenesis.
, Further on, cortisol and growth hormone are released to further stimulate
the liver and sustain glucose output.
Describe the various neural pathways and the impact of type of spinal cord injuries
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Between C1 and C3: unable to breath without respirator, loss of
bowel/bladder control, unable to move arms and legs.
Between C4 and C7: severe weakness in arms with no motor function or
sensation in legs, loss of bowel/bladder control.
Thoracic spine: paralysis in legs but arms can still function, truncal
instability, loss of bowel/bladder control.
Lumbar sacral: loss of bowel/bladder control, upper body strength and
sensation normal, motor weakness or paralysis and sensory loss in hips and
legs.
Corticospinal tract: descending/motor; voluntary/involuntary motor
commands, crosses to opposite side.
Spinothalamic tract: ascending/sensory; carries pain, temp and crude touch
signals, crosses to opposite side.
Epiglottitis (upper RT)(pathophysiology, etiology, and clinical manifestations)
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, Patho: begins as inflammation and swelling between the base of the
tongue and the epiglottis; swelling pushes the epiglottis backward and
leads to complete blockage of the airway, leading to suffocation and
death.
Etiology: respiratory infections, exposure to chemical substances, trauma,
and various organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus
influenzae, parainfluenza, varicella zoster, herpes simplex type 1, and
Staphylococcus aureus.
CM: inflammation, redness, and stiffness of the pharynx, swollen epiglottis,
dyspnea.
Explain pathophysiologic changes in white blood cells.
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Leukocytosis: increased WBC count
Leukopenia: decreased WBC count
Acute rhinitis (upper RT)(pathophysiology, etiology, and clinical manifestations)
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Patho: causes a local inflammatory response and results in irritation of the
mucus membranes of the nasal passages.
- increased numbers in lymphocytes, neutrophils, secretory IgA, and serum
antibodies to resolve the illness.
Etiology: rhinoviruses, other viruses, allergies, and transmitted through
airborne droplets.
CM: nasal discharge (clear, yellow, or green in color), nasal congestion,
sneezing, throat irritation, slight fever, red nasal mucosa, pharyngeal
erythema (red throat), and earache.
, Identify 5 sources of pain.
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Cutaneous: localized pain from injury to the skin/superficial tissues; occurs
with minor cuts, bruises, first-degree burns, lacerations.
Deep somatic: a dull, poorly localized pain with a longer duration
originating from ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, and nerves;
occurs with sprains and fractures.
Visceral: vague, not well localized pain described as pressure-like, deep
squeezing, dull, colicky, or diffuse that emanates from deep organs, usually
resulting from disease process.
Referred: occurs when the pain response occurs at a distance from the
actual pathology and when nerve fibers from regions of high sensory input
and those from regions of low sensory input converge on the same levels
of the spinal cord; occurs during MI.
Phantom: sensation of pain originating in an amputated part of the body
described as burning, stinging, or cramping.
Recognize various etiologies and mechanisms of burn injuries.
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Thermal burns: result after exposure to fire, hot objects, scalding liquids,
hot grease, or steam and produce damage to the skin and underlying
tissues after exposure to temperatures greater than 111.2 F/40 C; range from
superficial (epidermis) to full thickness (subdermal).
- Flame burns: caused by house fires/flammable liquids and produce direct
tissue injury.
- Scald burns: caused by exposure to hot liquids, grease, or steam and
cause tissue necrosis/cellular death within seconds after exposure to
temperatures of 158 F/70 C.
Chemical burns: result after industrial accidents or ingestion of harsh
household chemicals (strong acids, alkalis, corrosive materials);
characteristic gray coloring of skin; localized or systemic.
- DKA
- hypoglycemia
Give this one a try later!
DKA: short-term complication of T1DM, and sometimes T2DM (if pancreatic
beta cell failure occurs).
- Patho: ketones accumulate in the blood due to absence of endogenous
insulin, alter pH, and cause metabolic acidosis resulting in severe nausea,
vomiting, and profound dehydration (Kussmaul's respirations key sx). To
compensate, the lungs hyperventilate to attempt to rid CO2 from the body.
Hypoglycemia: occurs due to excessive exogenous insulin, inadequate
food intake, stress, excessive physical activity, infection, illness, alcohol use
disorder, drug interactions, surgery, or excess insulin.
- Patho: when blood glucose drops below 70 mg/dL, hypothalamic region
and portal vein of liver activate adrenal gland, pancreas, and liver as
compensatory mechanisms. Epi and glucagon are released to activate SNS
to raise blood glucose. Epi and glucagon promote glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis to break down muscle protein, triglycerides, and fat
tissue to supply the liver and kidneys with amino acids for gluconeogenesis.
, Further on, cortisol and growth hormone are released to further stimulate
the liver and sustain glucose output.
Describe the various neural pathways and the impact of type of spinal cord injuries
Give this one a try later!
Between C1 and C3: unable to breath without respirator, loss of
bowel/bladder control, unable to move arms and legs.
Between C4 and C7: severe weakness in arms with no motor function or
sensation in legs, loss of bowel/bladder control.
Thoracic spine: paralysis in legs but arms can still function, truncal
instability, loss of bowel/bladder control.
Lumbar sacral: loss of bowel/bladder control, upper body strength and
sensation normal, motor weakness or paralysis and sensory loss in hips and
legs.
Corticospinal tract: descending/motor; voluntary/involuntary motor
commands, crosses to opposite side.
Spinothalamic tract: ascending/sensory; carries pain, temp and crude touch
signals, crosses to opposite side.
Epiglottitis (upper RT)(pathophysiology, etiology, and clinical manifestations)
Give this one a try later!
, Patho: begins as inflammation and swelling between the base of the
tongue and the epiglottis; swelling pushes the epiglottis backward and
leads to complete blockage of the airway, leading to suffocation and
death.
Etiology: respiratory infections, exposure to chemical substances, trauma,
and various organisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus
influenzae, parainfluenza, varicella zoster, herpes simplex type 1, and
Staphylococcus aureus.
CM: inflammation, redness, and stiffness of the pharynx, swollen epiglottis,
dyspnea.
Explain pathophysiologic changes in white blood cells.
Give this one a try later!
Leukocytosis: increased WBC count
Leukopenia: decreased WBC count
Acute rhinitis (upper RT)(pathophysiology, etiology, and clinical manifestations)
Give this one a try later!
Patho: causes a local inflammatory response and results in irritation of the
mucus membranes of the nasal passages.
- increased numbers in lymphocytes, neutrophils, secretory IgA, and serum
antibodies to resolve the illness.
Etiology: rhinoviruses, other viruses, allergies, and transmitted through
airborne droplets.
CM: nasal discharge (clear, yellow, or green in color), nasal congestion,
sneezing, throat irritation, slight fever, red nasal mucosa, pharyngeal
erythema (red throat), and earache.
, Identify 5 sources of pain.
Give this one a try later!
Cutaneous: localized pain from injury to the skin/superficial tissues; occurs
with minor cuts, bruises, first-degree burns, lacerations.
Deep somatic: a dull, poorly localized pain with a longer duration
originating from ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, and nerves;
occurs with sprains and fractures.
Visceral: vague, not well localized pain described as pressure-like, deep
squeezing, dull, colicky, or diffuse that emanates from deep organs, usually
resulting from disease process.
Referred: occurs when the pain response occurs at a distance from the
actual pathology and when nerve fibers from regions of high sensory input
and those from regions of low sensory input converge on the same levels
of the spinal cord; occurs during MI.
Phantom: sensation of pain originating in an amputated part of the body
described as burning, stinging, or cramping.
Recognize various etiologies and mechanisms of burn injuries.
Give this one a try later!
Thermal burns: result after exposure to fire, hot objects, scalding liquids,
hot grease, or steam and produce damage to the skin and underlying
tissues after exposure to temperatures greater than 111.2 F/40 C; range from
superficial (epidermis) to full thickness (subdermal).
- Flame burns: caused by house fires/flammable liquids and produce direct
tissue injury.
- Scald burns: caused by exposure to hot liquids, grease, or steam and
cause tissue necrosis/cellular death within seconds after exposure to
temperatures of 158 F/70 C.
Chemical burns: result after industrial accidents or ingestion of harsh
household chemicals (strong acids, alkalis, corrosive materials);
characteristic gray coloring of skin; localized or systemic.
