ADH and Aldosterone
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ADH hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb water. Made by the
hypothalamus.
Aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb water and sodium ions.
Helps to control blood volume/BP
Immunodeficiency
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, Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot destroy foreign invaders
and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Polyuria
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excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
(Part of hypernatremia)
Multiple Sclerosis
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Attacks the MYELIN SHEATH (nevers) in brain & spinal cord.
Etiology: Unknown but could be an autoimmune disorder
Risks: genetics, viral/infections, trauma, heavy metal exposure.
Clinical manifestations: Weakness, numbness, tingling, balance problems,
blurred vision, fatigue.
Sensory impairment first, motor impairment later in the disease.
Optic/eye functions are first to go. Dehydration/malnutrition due to inability
to swallow and take care of oneself.
Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or (CKD)
Risk Factors
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, Uncontrolled diabetes and hyperglycemia; the thick syrupy blood can't
easily go through the kidneys.
Uncontrolled hypertension; all the pressure coming from the heart and
pounding against the blood vessels in the kidneys, resulting in less blood
flow and kidney failure.
Unchecked autoimmune diseases: Glomerulonephritis,
Polycystic kidney disease
Osmotic pressure
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The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution, causes water to shift from
ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity
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antigen combines with Ig within circulation and complexes are then
deposited into tissues.
SLE, autoimmune disorders
Referred pain
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, When the pain response occurs at a distance from the actual pathology
(related to visceral pain)
nerve fibers from regions of HIGH sensory input (skin), and nerve fibers
from LOW sensory input (internal organs) have coverage on the same level
of the spinal cord.
Example: Myocardial infarction; nerves from the damaged heart tissue send
pain signals to the spinal cord C4-T4 on the left side.
So the brain interprets the signal from the heart as pain in the chest and left
arm!!!
Epilepsy Clinical Manifestations
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Tonic: muscles become tense or rigid.
Clonic: motor symptoms that include sustained rhythmic jerking
movements.
Atonic: muscles may become weak or limp.
Myoclonic: brief muscle twitching.
Absence: non-motor symptoms, pt is unaware of seizure activity.
Can have brief twitches (myoclonus) that can affect a specific part of body
or eyelids.
Atrial Fibrillation
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A quivering, noncontracting atrium, is a common predisposing condition to
ischemic stroke. Causes an irregular pulse, possible tachycardia, and
thrombus formation in the left atrium. The patient may complain of
palpitations.
Give this one a try later!
ADH hormone causes the kidneys to reabsorb water. Made by the
hypothalamus.
Aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb water and sodium ions.
Helps to control blood volume/BP
Immunodeficiency
Give this one a try later!
, Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot destroy foreign invaders
and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Polyuria
Give this one a try later!
excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
(Part of hypernatremia)
Multiple Sclerosis
Give this one a try later!
Attacks the MYELIN SHEATH (nevers) in brain & spinal cord.
Etiology: Unknown but could be an autoimmune disorder
Risks: genetics, viral/infections, trauma, heavy metal exposure.
Clinical manifestations: Weakness, numbness, tingling, balance problems,
blurred vision, fatigue.
Sensory impairment first, motor impairment later in the disease.
Optic/eye functions are first to go. Dehydration/malnutrition due to inability
to swallow and take care of oneself.
Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or (CKD)
Risk Factors
Give this one a try later!
, Uncontrolled diabetes and hyperglycemia; the thick syrupy blood can't
easily go through the kidneys.
Uncontrolled hypertension; all the pressure coming from the heart and
pounding against the blood vessels in the kidneys, resulting in less blood
flow and kidney failure.
Unchecked autoimmune diseases: Glomerulonephritis,
Polycystic kidney disease
Osmotic pressure
Give this one a try later!
The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution, causes water to shift from
ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity
Give this one a try later!
antigen combines with Ig within circulation and complexes are then
deposited into tissues.
SLE, autoimmune disorders
Referred pain
Give this one a try later!
, When the pain response occurs at a distance from the actual pathology
(related to visceral pain)
nerve fibers from regions of HIGH sensory input (skin), and nerve fibers
from LOW sensory input (internal organs) have coverage on the same level
of the spinal cord.
Example: Myocardial infarction; nerves from the damaged heart tissue send
pain signals to the spinal cord C4-T4 on the left side.
So the brain interprets the signal from the heart as pain in the chest and left
arm!!!
Epilepsy Clinical Manifestations
Give this one a try later!
Tonic: muscles become tense or rigid.
Clonic: motor symptoms that include sustained rhythmic jerking
movements.
Atonic: muscles may become weak or limp.
Myoclonic: brief muscle twitching.
Absence: non-motor symptoms, pt is unaware of seizure activity.
Can have brief twitches (myoclonus) that can affect a specific part of body
or eyelids.
Atrial Fibrillation
Give this one a try later!
A quivering, noncontracting atrium, is a common predisposing condition to
ischemic stroke. Causes an irregular pulse, possible tachycardia, and
thrombus formation in the left atrium. The patient may complain of
palpitations.
