Julianne, who suffers from familial hypercholesterolemia, presents with xanthomas.
Xanthomas are excess cholesterol deposits, which appear as yellow skin lesions. What
cell process is this
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Intracellular accumulation.
Some disease processes stimulate intracellular accumulations of particles,
such as calcium, cholesterol, and triglycerides, glucose, among other
substances. In familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic defect causes
decreased cellular uptake of cholesterol, resulting in high serum
cholesterol levels. Cholesterol deposits, known as xanthomas, may appear
to form under the skin.
Walter, age 62, had to undergo an endoscopic examination of his esophagus due to
his complaint of frequent "heartburn" after most meals. Examination of the cells shows
,that rather than normal squamous cells lining the esophagus, Walter had columnar
cells
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Metaplasia
Normal Ca++ range
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8.7-10 mEq
Excess water in the blood stream would trigger what?
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Natriuresis (excretion of sodium and potassium), secretion of the natriuretic
peptides ANP, BNP and CNP from the brain and heart.
to release some of the edema in the body. BNP released when ventricles
grow/enlarge in heart failure for instance, and ANP is released when atrial
chambers are stretched.
Tonicity
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Refers to the concentration of solute in solution compared with the blood
stream. Also describes the various IV solutions nurses use! (isotonic,
, hypertonic, hypotonic)
Hyperkalemia
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Things are TIGHT and CONTRACTED! (in Heart and GI)
Muscle cramping/tingling of extremities.
Diarrhea
Cardiac dysthymia (peaked T waves and ST elevation, wide QRS complex)
Causes: Addison's disease, renal failure, metabolic acidosis, muscle
crushing injuries that releases K+
Normal K+ levels?
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3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Louise recently underwent surgery for her thyroid. Her parathyroid glands were
damaged. She now complains about tingling around her mouth and in her fingers and
muscle spasms. Based on Louise's symptoms, what electrolyte imbalance do you
suspect?
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, Hypocalcemia
The signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia include neuromuscular
excitability, which can be demonstrated as paresthesia around the mouth,
hands, and feet; muscle spasms of the face, hands, and feet; laryngeal
spasm; seizures; and death. AKA Chvostek's sign
How do you treat hyperkalemia? (K+ is dangerously high at 7?)
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Give them an infusion insulin and dextrose.
Miguel, a retired warehouse supervisor, had a myocardial infarction. Further
evaluation revealed he had significant blockage in his left descending coronary
artery. The blockage resulted in ischemia and cell death for those cells served by the
artery.
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Necrosis
Necrosis is premature cell death caused by cell injury. Necrosis differs from
apoptosis, in that the cellular destruction results from some form of trauma,
rather than genetic programming. May lead to GANGRENE which is when
dead tissue houses bacteria.
What fluid shift occurs in hypoalbuminemia?
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Xanthomas are excess cholesterol deposits, which appear as yellow skin lesions. What
cell process is this
Give this one a try later!
Intracellular accumulation.
Some disease processes stimulate intracellular accumulations of particles,
such as calcium, cholesterol, and triglycerides, glucose, among other
substances. In familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic defect causes
decreased cellular uptake of cholesterol, resulting in high serum
cholesterol levels. Cholesterol deposits, known as xanthomas, may appear
to form under the skin.
Walter, age 62, had to undergo an endoscopic examination of his esophagus due to
his complaint of frequent "heartburn" after most meals. Examination of the cells shows
,that rather than normal squamous cells lining the esophagus, Walter had columnar
cells
Give this one a try later!
Metaplasia
Normal Ca++ range
Give this one a try later!
8.7-10 mEq
Excess water in the blood stream would trigger what?
Give this one a try later!
Natriuresis (excretion of sodium and potassium), secretion of the natriuretic
peptides ANP, BNP and CNP from the brain and heart.
to release some of the edema in the body. BNP released when ventricles
grow/enlarge in heart failure for instance, and ANP is released when atrial
chambers are stretched.
Tonicity
Give this one a try later!
Refers to the concentration of solute in solution compared with the blood
stream. Also describes the various IV solutions nurses use! (isotonic,
, hypertonic, hypotonic)
Hyperkalemia
Give this one a try later!
Things are TIGHT and CONTRACTED! (in Heart and GI)
Muscle cramping/tingling of extremities.
Diarrhea
Cardiac dysthymia (peaked T waves and ST elevation, wide QRS complex)
Causes: Addison's disease, renal failure, metabolic acidosis, muscle
crushing injuries that releases K+
Normal K+ levels?
Give this one a try later!
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Louise recently underwent surgery for her thyroid. Her parathyroid glands were
damaged. She now complains about tingling around her mouth and in her fingers and
muscle spasms. Based on Louise's symptoms, what electrolyte imbalance do you
suspect?
Give this one a try later!
, Hypocalcemia
The signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia include neuromuscular
excitability, which can be demonstrated as paresthesia around the mouth,
hands, and feet; muscle spasms of the face, hands, and feet; laryngeal
spasm; seizures; and death. AKA Chvostek's sign
How do you treat hyperkalemia? (K+ is dangerously high at 7?)
Give this one a try later!
Give them an infusion insulin and dextrose.
Miguel, a retired warehouse supervisor, had a myocardial infarction. Further
evaluation revealed he had significant blockage in his left descending coronary
artery. The blockage resulted in ischemia and cell death for those cells served by the
artery.
Give this one a try later!
Necrosis
Necrosis is premature cell death caused by cell injury. Necrosis differs from
apoptosis, in that the cellular destruction results from some form of trauma,
rather than genetic programming. May lead to GANGRENE which is when
dead tissue houses bacteria.
What fluid shift occurs in hypoalbuminemia?
Give this one a try later!
