BPK 105 FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+ LATEST 100%
GUARANTEED PASS
IRDS is caused by too little surfactant in a premature infant. This is important to treat to prevent
lung collapse so an expecting mother may be given cortisol which increases surfactant synthesis
in the fetus.
Describe gas exchange in the pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems for oxygen and
carbon dioxide. Include the changes in partial pressures for both of these dissolved gases and
the driving force for exchange at each location. What impact would pulmonary edema, an
increase in interstitial fluid in the lungs, have on gas exchange? List the other factors could
influence the rate of gas exchange at the respiratory membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER-O2
diffuses through the respiratory membranes 20 times less easily than does CO2
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries because the Po2 in the alveoli is
greater than the capillaries.
CO2 diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli because Pco2 is greater in the
capillaries than in the alveoli
Edema causes there to be a thicker than normal layer of fluid for the gases to diffuse across.
This causes the rate of gas exchange to markedly decrease, this affects oxygen before CO2 due
to their differences in diffusion.
,Describe the transport of oxygen in circulation. What environmental changes occur as blood
enters active muscle influence the release of oxygen from hemoglobin? How does the release of
oxygen differ during exercise? - CORRECT ANSWER-98.5% of oxygen is carried in the blood
through the heme group of oxyhemoglobin. At high Po2 hemoglobin binds to O2 and at low Po2
it releases O2. This causes O2 to be released into the tissues.
The amount of O2 released from oxyhemoglobin depends on low Po2, high Pco2, low pH and
high temperature.
When exercising the Po2 is lower and Pco2 is higher as well as low pH and high temperature this
causes as much as 73% of the O2 picked up in the lungs by hemoglobin to be released into
tissues
Describe the various ways carbon dioxide is transported in circulation, including the
approximate percentage that is transported in each way include the full reaction catalyzed by
carbonic anhydrase. How does this equilibrium reaction change between the tissues and the
lungs - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbon dioxide is transported through the blood through dissolved
CO2 in the plasma, bound to blood proteins and in the form of bicarbonate ions.
Approximately 7% is transported through the plasma, 23% in blood proteins and 70% in
bicarbonate ions.
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase within RBC's helps to catalyze the reaction in which
bicarbonate ions are formed. Carbonic anhydrase speeds up the reaction producing bicarbonate
ions by increasing the reactivity between CO2 and water.
When the reaction is in the region of the lungs, the reaction becomes reversed and HCO3
combines with H+ leading to the expiration of CO2.
CO2+H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+HCO3
, Describe the rhythmic control of ventilation. Describe the phases of change in ventilation during
exercise. How does exercise training affect ventilation at rest and during exercise? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Starting inspiration occurs with neurons in the medullary respiratory center that
promote inspiration and are always active. Stimulation from muscles, pH and other areas reach
a threshold level and the somatic nervous system stimulates the respiratory muscles via action
potentials.
Increasing inspiration occurs with a progressively stronger stimulation of the respiratory
muscles that lasts for approx. 2 seconds.
Stopping inspiration occurs when muscles of respiration stimulate neurons in the medullary
respiration center for stopping inspiration. Inhibits neurons stimulating the respiratory muscles,
causing relaxation of respiratory muscles resulting in expiration which lasts approx 3s
Exercise increases breathing abruptly and gradually.
Abruptly occurs with as high as 50% higher increases in breathing due to action potentials in
collateral fibers which stimulate the respiratory center, body movements stimulate
proprioceptors in the joints and limbs which connect to the respiratory center and also increase
breathing. Potentially a learning component.
Gradual increases occur probably due to the same causes of abrupt increases.
Describe the chemical control of ventilation. When are blood oxygen levels important? Describe
the step-by-step response to an increase in Carbon Dioxide in the blood. - CORRECT ANSWER-
Levels of CO2 in the blood are the main driving force for regulating breathing
Chemoreceptors in the medulla are sensitive to pH levels (increased hydrogen ions) and
stimulate breathing
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+ LATEST 100%
GUARANTEED PASS
IRDS is caused by too little surfactant in a premature infant. This is important to treat to prevent
lung collapse so an expecting mother may be given cortisol which increases surfactant synthesis
in the fetus.
Describe gas exchange in the pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems for oxygen and
carbon dioxide. Include the changes in partial pressures for both of these dissolved gases and
the driving force for exchange at each location. What impact would pulmonary edema, an
increase in interstitial fluid in the lungs, have on gas exchange? List the other factors could
influence the rate of gas exchange at the respiratory membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER-O2
diffuses through the respiratory membranes 20 times less easily than does CO2
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries because the Po2 in the alveoli is
greater than the capillaries.
CO2 diffuses from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveoli because Pco2 is greater in the
capillaries than in the alveoli
Edema causes there to be a thicker than normal layer of fluid for the gases to diffuse across.
This causes the rate of gas exchange to markedly decrease, this affects oxygen before CO2 due
to their differences in diffusion.
,Describe the transport of oxygen in circulation. What environmental changes occur as blood
enters active muscle influence the release of oxygen from hemoglobin? How does the release of
oxygen differ during exercise? - CORRECT ANSWER-98.5% of oxygen is carried in the blood
through the heme group of oxyhemoglobin. At high Po2 hemoglobin binds to O2 and at low Po2
it releases O2. This causes O2 to be released into the tissues.
The amount of O2 released from oxyhemoglobin depends on low Po2, high Pco2, low pH and
high temperature.
When exercising the Po2 is lower and Pco2 is higher as well as low pH and high temperature this
causes as much as 73% of the O2 picked up in the lungs by hemoglobin to be released into
tissues
Describe the various ways carbon dioxide is transported in circulation, including the
approximate percentage that is transported in each way include the full reaction catalyzed by
carbonic anhydrase. How does this equilibrium reaction change between the tissues and the
lungs - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbon dioxide is transported through the blood through dissolved
CO2 in the plasma, bound to blood proteins and in the form of bicarbonate ions.
Approximately 7% is transported through the plasma, 23% in blood proteins and 70% in
bicarbonate ions.
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase within RBC's helps to catalyze the reaction in which
bicarbonate ions are formed. Carbonic anhydrase speeds up the reaction producing bicarbonate
ions by increasing the reactivity between CO2 and water.
When the reaction is in the region of the lungs, the reaction becomes reversed and HCO3
combines with H+ leading to the expiration of CO2.
CO2+H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+HCO3
, Describe the rhythmic control of ventilation. Describe the phases of change in ventilation during
exercise. How does exercise training affect ventilation at rest and during exercise? - CORRECT
ANSWER-Starting inspiration occurs with neurons in the medullary respiratory center that
promote inspiration and are always active. Stimulation from muscles, pH and other areas reach
a threshold level and the somatic nervous system stimulates the respiratory muscles via action
potentials.
Increasing inspiration occurs with a progressively stronger stimulation of the respiratory
muscles that lasts for approx. 2 seconds.
Stopping inspiration occurs when muscles of respiration stimulate neurons in the medullary
respiration center for stopping inspiration. Inhibits neurons stimulating the respiratory muscles,
causing relaxation of respiratory muscles resulting in expiration which lasts approx 3s
Exercise increases breathing abruptly and gradually.
Abruptly occurs with as high as 50% higher increases in breathing due to action potentials in
collateral fibers which stimulate the respiratory center, body movements stimulate
proprioceptors in the joints and limbs which connect to the respiratory center and also increase
breathing. Potentially a learning component.
Gradual increases occur probably due to the same causes of abrupt increases.
Describe the chemical control of ventilation. When are blood oxygen levels important? Describe
the step-by-step response to an increase in Carbon Dioxide in the blood. - CORRECT ANSWER-
Levels of CO2 in the blood are the main driving force for regulating breathing
Chemoreceptors in the medulla are sensitive to pH levels (increased hydrogen ions) and
stimulate breathing
