ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY HILL
CERTIFICATION REVIEW SCRIPT 2026
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ When the solutes move from areas
of high concentration to low
concentration, we say they are
moving. Answer: down the gradient or with
the gradient in efforts to reach
equilibrium.
⩥ When the solutes move from areas
of low concentration to high
concentration, we say that they are
moving Answer: against the gradient and
away from equilibrium.
⩥ Passive Transport - Diffusion is a ______ movement of particles from
an area of____ _____ to an area
of __ _______ Answer: Spontaneous - high concentration to an area
of low concentration
,⩥ passive transport Does not require Answer: energy (ATP)
⩥ Diffusion is required for _____ to occur! Answer: respiration
⩥ Osmotic pressure is the pressure that Answer: would have to be
applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a given solution
⩥ When two solutions exchange water by osmosis,
water always moves from _____ _____ _____ into the one with______
Answer: the one with lower osmotic
pressure -> higher osmotic pressure
⩥ Water can cross cell membrane by two routes: Answer: -Diffusion
through the lipid
bilayer
- Mass flow through water
channels called aquaporins
⩥ Increasing the concentration difference increases the Answer:
concentration gradient of an ion species and this increases
the electrical force needed to oppose it
, ⩥ Any ion that the membrane is permeable to will have a tendency to
drive the membrane potential towards Answer: the equilibrium potential
for that ion.
⩥ The electrical gradient affects the diffusions of _______ molecules,
but not______
molecules. Answer: all charged- uncharged
⩥ Active transport mediated by Answer: proteins (pumps) that move
olutes across membrane against
their concentration gradient
(uphill).
⩥ For active transport, carrier must be linked to Answer: a source of
energy
⩥ Explain how the Na+/K+ pump functions Answer: - Uses energy from
ATP to extrude Na+, take in K+
- Transports 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in - A large chunk of the ATP consumed
in cells in your body is
used to establish and maintain these ion gradients!
⩥ active transport is used to move glucose across intestinal epithelium
for Answer: nutrient absorption
CERTIFICATION REVIEW SCRIPT 2026
ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ When the solutes move from areas
of high concentration to low
concentration, we say they are
moving. Answer: down the gradient or with
the gradient in efforts to reach
equilibrium.
⩥ When the solutes move from areas
of low concentration to high
concentration, we say that they are
moving Answer: against the gradient and
away from equilibrium.
⩥ Passive Transport - Diffusion is a ______ movement of particles from
an area of____ _____ to an area
of __ _______ Answer: Spontaneous - high concentration to an area
of low concentration
,⩥ passive transport Does not require Answer: energy (ATP)
⩥ Diffusion is required for _____ to occur! Answer: respiration
⩥ Osmotic pressure is the pressure that Answer: would have to be
applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a given solution
⩥ When two solutions exchange water by osmosis,
water always moves from _____ _____ _____ into the one with______
Answer: the one with lower osmotic
pressure -> higher osmotic pressure
⩥ Water can cross cell membrane by two routes: Answer: -Diffusion
through the lipid
bilayer
- Mass flow through water
channels called aquaporins
⩥ Increasing the concentration difference increases the Answer:
concentration gradient of an ion species and this increases
the electrical force needed to oppose it
, ⩥ Any ion that the membrane is permeable to will have a tendency to
drive the membrane potential towards Answer: the equilibrium potential
for that ion.
⩥ The electrical gradient affects the diffusions of _______ molecules,
but not______
molecules. Answer: all charged- uncharged
⩥ Active transport mediated by Answer: proteins (pumps) that move
olutes across membrane against
their concentration gradient
(uphill).
⩥ For active transport, carrier must be linked to Answer: a source of
energy
⩥ Explain how the Na+/K+ pump functions Answer: - Uses energy from
ATP to extrude Na+, take in K+
- Transports 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in - A large chunk of the ATP consumed
in cells in your body is
used to establish and maintain these ion gradients!
⩥ active transport is used to move glucose across intestinal epithelium
for Answer: nutrient absorption
