PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 Comprehensive Question Bank 200+ Questions with Answers & Rationales

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
Comprehensive Question Bank 200+
Questions with Answers & Rationales

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
Comprehensive Question Bank | 200+ Questions with Answers & Rationales
Topics: Inflammation, Immunity, Infection, Neoplasia, Genetics,
Fluid/Electrolytes, Acid-Base, Endocrine




SECTION 1: INFLAMMATION AND WOUND HEALING (Questions 1-40)




1. Which of the following is the correct order of the inflammatory response?
A) Vascular response, cellular response, repair
B) Cellular response, vascular response, repair
C) Repair, vascular response, cellular response
D) Vascular response, repair, cellular response


Answer: A
Rationale: Inflammation begins with vascular changes (vasodilation, increased
permeability), followed by cellular response (leukocyte migration), then tissue
repair.


2. The first cell type to arrive at the site of acute inflammation is:
A) Macrophage
B) Lymphocyte
C) Neutrophil
D) Eosinophil

1

,Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive (within 60-90 minutes),
followed by macrophages.


3. Which chemical mediator causes vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability during inflammation?
A) Histamine
B) Interleukin-10
C) Transforming growth factor beta
D) Complement C5a


Answer: A
Rationale: Histamine, released from mast cells, causes arteriolar vasodilation
and increased capillary permeability.


4. The cardinal signs of inflammation include all EXCEPT:
A) Rubor (redness)
B) Calor (heat)
C) Tumor (swelling)
D) Paresthesia (numbness)


Answer: D
Rationale: Cardinal signs are redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor),
pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa).


5. Which plasma protein system is activated by contact with bacterial cell walls
and results in bacterial lysis?
A) Coagulation system
B) Kinin system
C) Complement system

2

,D) Fibrinolytic system


Answer: C
Rationale: The complement system (classical, alternative, lectin pathways)
leads to membrane attack complexes that lyse bacteria.


6. Which complement component is a potent chemotactic factor for
neutrophils?
A) C1q
B) C3a
C) C5a
D) C9


Answer: C
Rationale: C5a is a potent chemotactic factor attracting neutrophils; C3a and
C5a are anaphylatoxins.


7. A patient with chronic inflammation would MOST likely show which white
blood cell elevation?
A) Neutrophils
B) Basophils
C) Eosinophils
D) Monocytes/Macrophages


Answer: D
Rationale: Chronic inflammation is characterized by mononuclear cells
(macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells).


8. During acute inflammation, exudate that is watery with few cells and low
protein is called:
A) Fibrinous exudate


3

, B) Serous exudate
C) Purulent exudate
D) Hemorrhagic exudate


Answer: B
Rationale: Serous exudate is clear, watery, low protein (e.g., blister fluid).


9. Purulent (suppurative) exudate is characteristic of:
A) Viral infections
B) Bacterial infections with pus formation
C) Allergic reactions
D) Autoimmune disorders


Answer: B
Rationale: Purulent exudate contains neutrophils, debris, and bacteria (pus).


10. The process by which leukocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate to
tissue injury sites is called:
A) Chemotaxis
B) Diapedesis (emigration)
C) Margination
D) Phagocytosis


Answer: B
Rationale: Diapedesis (emigration) is the passage of leukocytes through intact
vessel walls.


11. Margination refers to:
A) Leukocytes moving to the vessel wall periphery



4