WCU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (MIDTERM) EXAM LATEST 2026|2027
UPDATED QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100%) |
ALREADY GRADED A+
The action of an ACE inhibitors - Correct Answer -ACE inhibitor: stops angiotensin 1 from converting into
angiotensin 2 stoping vasoconstriction and the increase of BP.
If someone has hypertension, give ACE inhibitor to vasodilate and stop the BP from going up.
Orthostatic hypotension complications - Correct Answer -Decrease in blood pressure related to
positional or postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions- could be a risk factor for stroke
due to reduced blood supply to brain.
Pulmonary Stenosis - Correct Answer -Pulmonary stenosis can be mild to severe, depending on the
extent of narrowing of the pulmonic valve. Pulmonary stenosis is usually due to abnormal fusion of the
valvular cusps. Right ventricular hypertrophy occurs secondary to the high ventricular afterload caused
by the narrowed outflow opening. Isolated pulmonary stenosis is easily corrected by surgery; however,
the prognosis depends in large part on the health of the right ventricle.
Diagnostic tests and findings to detect Myocardial Infarction (MI) - Correct Answer -
Electrocardiogram(ECG)
Blood tests
1|Page
,Chest X-ray
Echocardiogram
Coronary catheterization (angiogram)
Cardia CT or MRI
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) - Correct Answer -Serious pathological condition resulting from
rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve.
Blood pressure classification ranges - Correct Answer -Category Systolic (upper) Diastolic (lower)
Normal <120 <80
Prehypertension 120-139 80-89
Stage 1 140-159 90-99
Stage 2 >160 >100
The importance of sodium in hypertension - Correct Answer -- sodium (salt) does not cause hypertension
in healthy people
- sodium (salt) causes high BP in people with salt sensitivity
- calcium can decrease BP
2|Page
,The correlation of LDL levels and coronary arterty disease - Correct Answer -Lowering LDL cholesterol
reduces the incidence of artherosclerotic disease, irrespective to how the reduction is achieved.
Stable angina vs. Unstable angina - Correct Answer -Stable: onset with exercise, goes away with rest
Unstable: occurs without exercise, prolonged - EMERGENCY
Complications of Acute coronary syndrome - Correct Answer -Heart failure- your heart isn't able to pump
enough blood for the rest of our body.
Abnormal heartbeat
Chest pain
Heart attack
Related arterial diseases
Describe different congenital heart defects - Correct Answer -Aortic stenosis- Aortic stenosis is when
the aortic valve (the valve between the left ventricle and the aorta) is too small, narrow, or stiff.
3|Page
, Coarctation of the aorta (COA)- is a narrowing of the aorta, the major blood vessel that carries blood
away from the heart to the body. This narrowing causes the left side of the heart to work harder to pump
blood through the aorta.
Ebstein anomaly- a rare heart defect that affects the tricuspid valve (one of the heart's four valves). It
happens because of a problem with how the valve forms before a baby's birth.
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)- an extra blood vessel found in babies before birth and just after birth.
Patent foramen ovale (PFO)- a normal opening between the upper two chambers (the right atrium and left
atrium) of an unborn baby's heart. The foramen ovale usually closes 6 months to a year after the baby's
birth.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)- a congenital (present at birth) heart defect. In tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), four
related heart defects change the way blood flows to the lungs and through the heart.
Truncus arteriosus- a heart defect that happens when a child is born with one large artery carrying blood
to the lungs and body instead of two separate arteries.
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)- sometimes referred to as a hole in the heart — is a type of congenital
heart defect. In a VSD, there is an abnormal opening in the wall between the main pumping chambers of
the heart (the ventricles).
Atrial septal defect (ASD)- sometimes called a hole in the heart — is a type of congenital heart defect in
which there is an abnormal opening in the dividing wall between the upper filling chambers of the heart
(the a
4|Page
UPDATED QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100%) |
ALREADY GRADED A+
The action of an ACE inhibitors - Correct Answer -ACE inhibitor: stops angiotensin 1 from converting into
angiotensin 2 stoping vasoconstriction and the increase of BP.
If someone has hypertension, give ACE inhibitor to vasodilate and stop the BP from going up.
Orthostatic hypotension complications - Correct Answer -Decrease in blood pressure related to
positional or postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions- could be a risk factor for stroke
due to reduced blood supply to brain.
Pulmonary Stenosis - Correct Answer -Pulmonary stenosis can be mild to severe, depending on the
extent of narrowing of the pulmonic valve. Pulmonary stenosis is usually due to abnormal fusion of the
valvular cusps. Right ventricular hypertrophy occurs secondary to the high ventricular afterload caused
by the narrowed outflow opening. Isolated pulmonary stenosis is easily corrected by surgery; however,
the prognosis depends in large part on the health of the right ventricle.
Diagnostic tests and findings to detect Myocardial Infarction (MI) - Correct Answer -
Electrocardiogram(ECG)
Blood tests
1|Page
,Chest X-ray
Echocardiogram
Coronary catheterization (angiogram)
Cardia CT or MRI
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) - Correct Answer -Serious pathological condition resulting from
rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve.
Blood pressure classification ranges - Correct Answer -Category Systolic (upper) Diastolic (lower)
Normal <120 <80
Prehypertension 120-139 80-89
Stage 1 140-159 90-99
Stage 2 >160 >100
The importance of sodium in hypertension - Correct Answer -- sodium (salt) does not cause hypertension
in healthy people
- sodium (salt) causes high BP in people with salt sensitivity
- calcium can decrease BP
2|Page
,The correlation of LDL levels and coronary arterty disease - Correct Answer -Lowering LDL cholesterol
reduces the incidence of artherosclerotic disease, irrespective to how the reduction is achieved.
Stable angina vs. Unstable angina - Correct Answer -Stable: onset with exercise, goes away with rest
Unstable: occurs without exercise, prolonged - EMERGENCY
Complications of Acute coronary syndrome - Correct Answer -Heart failure- your heart isn't able to pump
enough blood for the rest of our body.
Abnormal heartbeat
Chest pain
Heart attack
Related arterial diseases
Describe different congenital heart defects - Correct Answer -Aortic stenosis- Aortic stenosis is when
the aortic valve (the valve between the left ventricle and the aorta) is too small, narrow, or stiff.
3|Page
, Coarctation of the aorta (COA)- is a narrowing of the aorta, the major blood vessel that carries blood
away from the heart to the body. This narrowing causes the left side of the heart to work harder to pump
blood through the aorta.
Ebstein anomaly- a rare heart defect that affects the tricuspid valve (one of the heart's four valves). It
happens because of a problem with how the valve forms before a baby's birth.
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)- an extra blood vessel found in babies before birth and just after birth.
Patent foramen ovale (PFO)- a normal opening between the upper two chambers (the right atrium and left
atrium) of an unborn baby's heart. The foramen ovale usually closes 6 months to a year after the baby's
birth.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)- a congenital (present at birth) heart defect. In tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), four
related heart defects change the way blood flows to the lungs and through the heart.
Truncus arteriosus- a heart defect that happens when a child is born with one large artery carrying blood
to the lungs and body instead of two separate arteries.
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)- sometimes referred to as a hole in the heart — is a type of congenital
heart defect. In a VSD, there is an abnormal opening in the wall between the main pumping chambers of
the heart (the ventricles).
Atrial septal defect (ASD)- sometimes called a hole in the heart — is a type of congenital heart defect in
which there is an abnormal opening in the dividing wall between the upper filling chambers of the heart
(the a
4|Page
