MATH 392 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
What does it mean for students to have a positive mathematical disposition? - ANS -having a
favorable attitude about being able to do math
-growth mindset (believing their abilities can improve through effort and learning, even when
they face challenges)
what does it mean to have a mathematical mindset? (boaler) - ANS -believing that math
ability can grow with effort and learning
-rejects the idea that people are "naturally good" or "bad" at math
-mistakes are helpful because it supports brain growth and a deeper understanding
-struggling and challenges are normal in math
-focuses on understanding concepts rather than speed and memorization
-builds confidence when facing difficult tasks
constructivism - ANS learners are not blank slates, but rather creators of their own learning
(through reflective thought, we can incorporate new ideas by connecting existing ideas to new
information)
sociocultural theory - ANS a learning theory developed by Lev Vygotsky that explains how
students learn math through social interaction, language, and cultural experiences, with
understanding developing as they collaborate with teachers and peers and receive guided
support.
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, zone of proximal development (zpd) - ANS The gap between what a learner can accomplish
alone and what he or she can achieve with guidance from more skilled partners.
zpd in math class - ANS -it helps the teacher choose tasks that are not too easy or too difficult
-they can build new skills with support, such as hints, modeling, or guided questions
rough draft thinking (jansen) - ANS -treating math work like a first draft (where ideas don't
have to be perfect, and thinking is still developing)
-students are encouraged to share unfinished or imperfect strategies without fear of being
wrong
how can rough draft thinking be used in the classroom? - ANS -teachers create a safe
environment where students feel comfortable sharing their thinking
-use student mistakes or different approaches as discussion opportunities
-ask open-ended questions
8 Mathematical Process Standards - ANS 1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving
them
2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively
3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others
4. Model with mathematics
5. Use appropriate tools strategically
6. Attend to precision
7. Look for and make use of structure
8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning
5 Strands of Mathematical Proficiency - ANS Conceptual Understanding: comprehension of
mathematical concepts, operations, and relations
Procedural Fluency: skill in carrying out procedures flexibly, accurately, and efficently
Productive disposition: to see mathematics as useful and worthwhile
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 10
AND ANSWERS 2026 VERIFIED.
What does it mean for students to have a positive mathematical disposition? - ANS -having a
favorable attitude about being able to do math
-growth mindset (believing their abilities can improve through effort and learning, even when
they face challenges)
what does it mean to have a mathematical mindset? (boaler) - ANS -believing that math
ability can grow with effort and learning
-rejects the idea that people are "naturally good" or "bad" at math
-mistakes are helpful because it supports brain growth and a deeper understanding
-struggling and challenges are normal in math
-focuses on understanding concepts rather than speed and memorization
-builds confidence when facing difficult tasks
constructivism - ANS learners are not blank slates, but rather creators of their own learning
(through reflective thought, we can incorporate new ideas by connecting existing ideas to new
information)
sociocultural theory - ANS a learning theory developed by Lev Vygotsky that explains how
students learn math through social interaction, language, and cultural experiences, with
understanding developing as they collaborate with teachers and peers and receive guided
support.
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 1 OF 10
, zone of proximal development (zpd) - ANS The gap between what a learner can accomplish
alone and what he or she can achieve with guidance from more skilled partners.
zpd in math class - ANS -it helps the teacher choose tasks that are not too easy or too difficult
-they can build new skills with support, such as hints, modeling, or guided questions
rough draft thinking (jansen) - ANS -treating math work like a first draft (where ideas don't
have to be perfect, and thinking is still developing)
-students are encouraged to share unfinished or imperfect strategies without fear of being
wrong
how can rough draft thinking be used in the classroom? - ANS -teachers create a safe
environment where students feel comfortable sharing their thinking
-use student mistakes or different approaches as discussion opportunities
-ask open-ended questions
8 Mathematical Process Standards - ANS 1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving
them
2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively
3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others
4. Model with mathematics
5. Use appropriate tools strategically
6. Attend to precision
7. Look for and make use of structure
8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning
5 Strands of Mathematical Proficiency - ANS Conceptual Understanding: comprehension of
mathematical concepts, operations, and relations
Procedural Fluency: skill in carrying out procedures flexibly, accurately, and efficently
Productive disposition: to see mathematics as useful and worthwhile
@COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PAGE 2 OF 10
