NURS 2550 -Midterm Exam with
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025-2026
Updated.
infection - Answer Infection: some sort of invasion of the body by a pathogen. It does not
necessarily cause a disease until it affects the body in some way (changes your health)
disease - Answer Disease has to change your health
epidemiology - Answer Study of disease & how diseases spread within population
epidemiology incidence - Answer Incidence:
Number of new cases over a certain period of time
epidemiology prevalence - Answer Number of cases within population, regardless of when
they first appeared
Total accumulated number of cases
Prevalence is higher than incidence
Often used as a "burden" to society—like diabetes (total number of cases rather than the total
number diagnosed last year)
morbidity - Answer Cases of illness in given time
mortality - Answer Number of deaths
endemic - Answer Constant presence in a population
epidemic - Answer Increase number of cases in geographic clusters
pandemic - Answer More than one continent or worldwide
assessment for the risk of infection. factors about: - Answer pathogen
host
environment
,factors of pathogen: portal of entry - Answer Prefer specific routes
Mucous membrane
Skin
Parenteral route
(not common)
Factors about pathogen: number of microbes - Answer Virulence
Pathogenicity
ID; infectious dose
Virulence - Answer Example:
10 Shigella cells to cause Shigellosis
100 to 1,000 Salmonella cells to cause Salmonella gastronenteritis
Which bacteria is more virulent?
Shigella; the fewer the number of pathogens to make someone sick, the more virulent it is
factors about the pathogen: adherence - Answer Adhesins bind to cell receptors
Often on glycocalyx, pili, fimbriae, or flagella
factors about pathogen: capsules and cell wall components - Answer Resists phagocytosis
Eg. Streptococcus pneumoniae
factors about pathogen: enzymes - Answer Break down and damage tissues directly
Dissolve host's defense barriers
factors about pathogen: antigenic variation - Answer Change antigens on surface of bacteria
Example; the flu
exotoxins - Answer Proteins, mostly enzymes, secreted by bacterium
Destroy parts of hosts cells or inhibit metabolic functions
Very specific, that does very specific damage to the host
Eg. Botulism
, endotoxins - Answer A lipid portion (lipopolysaccharide) of cell wall of gram neg. bacteria
Released when cell wall undergoes lysis (example; if you take antibiotics and kill the cell)
Produce fever, inflammation, hemorrhage, diarrhea
Non-specific. When you take an antibiotic, your fever may get worse for a small period of time
because of the release of endotoxins
Factors about the host - Answer Health status: immunity, co-morbidity (presence of other
diseases), age, burn victims,
Invasive procedures and medications
Nutritional status
Lifestyle, occupation, hygiene, travel to other countries
Decreased compliance with vaccinations
Medications that suppress immune function
factors about the environment - Answer Physical
Climate, heat, cold, humidity, and season of the year
Changing Ecosystems
Altered reservoirs and vectors
Global warming, droughts, floods
eg., lyme disease Allows for tick survival further north
Changes bird migration speed and distances of dispersion of ticks
Sanitary and housing conditions
Food and water supplies with waste disposal
Industrial land use and economic development
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025-2026
Updated.
infection - Answer Infection: some sort of invasion of the body by a pathogen. It does not
necessarily cause a disease until it affects the body in some way (changes your health)
disease - Answer Disease has to change your health
epidemiology - Answer Study of disease & how diseases spread within population
epidemiology incidence - Answer Incidence:
Number of new cases over a certain period of time
epidemiology prevalence - Answer Number of cases within population, regardless of when
they first appeared
Total accumulated number of cases
Prevalence is higher than incidence
Often used as a "burden" to society—like diabetes (total number of cases rather than the total
number diagnosed last year)
morbidity - Answer Cases of illness in given time
mortality - Answer Number of deaths
endemic - Answer Constant presence in a population
epidemic - Answer Increase number of cases in geographic clusters
pandemic - Answer More than one continent or worldwide
assessment for the risk of infection. factors about: - Answer pathogen
host
environment
,factors of pathogen: portal of entry - Answer Prefer specific routes
Mucous membrane
Skin
Parenteral route
(not common)
Factors about pathogen: number of microbes - Answer Virulence
Pathogenicity
ID; infectious dose
Virulence - Answer Example:
10 Shigella cells to cause Shigellosis
100 to 1,000 Salmonella cells to cause Salmonella gastronenteritis
Which bacteria is more virulent?
Shigella; the fewer the number of pathogens to make someone sick, the more virulent it is
factors about the pathogen: adherence - Answer Adhesins bind to cell receptors
Often on glycocalyx, pili, fimbriae, or flagella
factors about pathogen: capsules and cell wall components - Answer Resists phagocytosis
Eg. Streptococcus pneumoniae
factors about pathogen: enzymes - Answer Break down and damage tissues directly
Dissolve host's defense barriers
factors about pathogen: antigenic variation - Answer Change antigens on surface of bacteria
Example; the flu
exotoxins - Answer Proteins, mostly enzymes, secreted by bacterium
Destroy parts of hosts cells or inhibit metabolic functions
Very specific, that does very specific damage to the host
Eg. Botulism
, endotoxins - Answer A lipid portion (lipopolysaccharide) of cell wall of gram neg. bacteria
Released when cell wall undergoes lysis (example; if you take antibiotics and kill the cell)
Produce fever, inflammation, hemorrhage, diarrhea
Non-specific. When you take an antibiotic, your fever may get worse for a small period of time
because of the release of endotoxins
Factors about the host - Answer Health status: immunity, co-morbidity (presence of other
diseases), age, burn victims,
Invasive procedures and medications
Nutritional status
Lifestyle, occupation, hygiene, travel to other countries
Decreased compliance with vaccinations
Medications that suppress immune function
factors about the environment - Answer Physical
Climate, heat, cold, humidity, and season of the year
Changing Ecosystems
Altered reservoirs and vectors
Global warming, droughts, floods
eg., lyme disease Allows for tick survival further north
Changes bird migration speed and distances of dispersion of ticks
Sanitary and housing conditions
Food and water supplies with waste disposal
Industrial land use and economic development
