McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults
and Children
9th Edition
Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
Q1. A researcher compares two microorganisms. One lacks
a membrane-bound nucleus and reproduces by binary
fission; the other contains mitochondria, endoplasmic
reticulum, and undergoes mitosis. Which cellular feature
most directly accounts for the greater metabolic
specialization of the second organism?
, A. Circular DNA located in the cytoplasm
B. Presence of membrane-bound organelles
C. Peptidoglycan-rich cell wall
D. Ribosomes composed solely of 70S subunits
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: The question contrasts prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
• Mechanism: Compartmentalization separates biochemical
processes into specialized organelles.
• Why the Correct Answer Is Right: Membrane-bound
organelles allow simultaneous, highly regulated functions
such as ATP production, protein synthesis, and
intracellular trafficking.
• Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
o A: Circular DNA is characteristic of prokaryotes.
o C: Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall component.
o D: 70S ribosomes are found in prokaryotes.
• Exam Trap: Ribosomes alone do not explain cellular
complexity; compartmentalization does.
• High-Yield Clinical Correlation: Many antibiotics target
bacterial structures absent in eukaryotic cells.
• Memory Anchor: “Organelles create organization.”
, Q2. A patient with a mitochondrial DNA mutation presents
with exercise intolerance and lactic acidosis. Which cellular
process is most directly impaired?
A. Glycolysis in the cytosol
B. β-oxidation in peroxisomes
C. Oxidative phosphorylation
D. Protein translation in ribosomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: Mitochondrial disease with lactic acidosis.
• Mechanism: Dysfunctional electron transport decreases
ATP and shifts metabolism toward anaerobic glycolysis.
• Why the Correct Answer Is Right: Oxidative
phosphorylation generates the majority of ATP using the
inner mitochondrial membrane.
• Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
o A: Glycolysis remains functional.
o B: Peroxisomes perform very-long-chain fatty acid
oxidation.
o D: Translation occurs primarily on cytosolic and rough
ER-bound ribosomes.
, • Exam Trap: Elevated lactate reflects compensation, not the
primary defect.
• High-Yield Clinical Correlation: Tissues with high energy
demands are most affected.
• Memory Anchor: “Mitochondria power the cell.”
Q3. A child with I-cell disease is unable to target lysosomal
enzymes correctly. Which organelle is responsible for
adding the recognition marker required for lysosomal
delivery?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Nucleus
D. Peroxisome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: I-cell disease involves defective mannose-6-
phosphate tagging.
• Mechanism: The Golgi modifies proteins and directs them
to their destinations.
• Why the Correct Answer Is Right: Lysosomal hydrolases
receive mannose-6-phosphate in the Golgi.
• Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults
and Children
9th Edition
Author(s)Julia Rogers
TEST BANK
Q1. A researcher compares two microorganisms. One lacks
a membrane-bound nucleus and reproduces by binary
fission; the other contains mitochondria, endoplasmic
reticulum, and undergoes mitosis. Which cellular feature
most directly accounts for the greater metabolic
specialization of the second organism?
, A. Circular DNA located in the cytoplasm
B. Presence of membrane-bound organelles
C. Peptidoglycan-rich cell wall
D. Ribosomes composed solely of 70S subunits
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: The question contrasts prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
• Mechanism: Compartmentalization separates biochemical
processes into specialized organelles.
• Why the Correct Answer Is Right: Membrane-bound
organelles allow simultaneous, highly regulated functions
such as ATP production, protein synthesis, and
intracellular trafficking.
• Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
o A: Circular DNA is characteristic of prokaryotes.
o C: Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall component.
o D: 70S ribosomes are found in prokaryotes.
• Exam Trap: Ribosomes alone do not explain cellular
complexity; compartmentalization does.
• High-Yield Clinical Correlation: Many antibiotics target
bacterial structures absent in eukaryotic cells.
• Memory Anchor: “Organelles create organization.”
, Q2. A patient with a mitochondrial DNA mutation presents
with exercise intolerance and lactic acidosis. Which cellular
process is most directly impaired?
A. Glycolysis in the cytosol
B. β-oxidation in peroxisomes
C. Oxidative phosphorylation
D. Protein translation in ribosomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: Mitochondrial disease with lactic acidosis.
• Mechanism: Dysfunctional electron transport decreases
ATP and shifts metabolism toward anaerobic glycolysis.
• Why the Correct Answer Is Right: Oxidative
phosphorylation generates the majority of ATP using the
inner mitochondrial membrane.
• Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
o A: Glycolysis remains functional.
o B: Peroxisomes perform very-long-chain fatty acid
oxidation.
o D: Translation occurs primarily on cytosolic and rough
ER-bound ribosomes.
, • Exam Trap: Elevated lactate reflects compensation, not the
primary defect.
• High-Yield Clinical Correlation: Tissues with high energy
demands are most affected.
• Memory Anchor: “Mitochondria power the cell.”
Q3. A child with I-cell disease is unable to target lysosomal
enzymes correctly. Which organelle is responsible for
adding the recognition marker required for lysosomal
delivery?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Nucleus
D. Peroxisome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
• Clinical Clue: I-cell disease involves defective mannose-6-
phosphate tagging.
• Mechanism: The Golgi modifies proteins and directs them
to their destinations.
• Why the Correct Answer Is Right: Lysosomal hydrolases
receive mannose-6-phosphate in the Golgi.
• Why the Other Options Are Wrong:
