D265 STUDY GUIDE EXAMINATION 2026
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ What are the different types of inferences? Answer: - Deduction
- Induction
-Abduction
⩥ Inference Answer: A conclusion one can draw from the presented
details.
⩥ deduction Answer: forming a general conclusion based on specific
observations
⩥ Induction Answer: forming a specific conclusion based on general
premise.
⩥ Abduction reasoning Answer: rules out explanations until most
plausible remains
⩥ truth Answer: A proposition that accurately represents reality.
, ⩥ validity Answer: In a good deductive argument structure, when true
premises make the conclusion necessarily true.
⩥ invalidity Answer: One or two of the premises are false, thus making
the conclusion false.
⩥ Soundness Answer: The deductive argument is valid, and all premises
are true premises.
⩥ Unsoundness Answer: When the argument is invalid or the premises
are false.
⩥ How is truth connected to propositions? Answer: The relationship that
holds between a proposition and its corresponding fact. If a proposition
is true, then the conclusion is true, but if it's false then it's false.
⩥ valid argument form Answer: an argument form in which every
substitution instance is a valid (true) argument
⩥ invalid argument form Answer: an argument form that has some
invalid (false) substitution instances
⩥ Differentiate between truth, strength, and cogency. Answer: - A strong
argument can have a false conclusion even if it starts with true premises
(strong arguments only make the conclusion probable, not certain).
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ What are the different types of inferences? Answer: - Deduction
- Induction
-Abduction
⩥ Inference Answer: A conclusion one can draw from the presented
details.
⩥ deduction Answer: forming a general conclusion based on specific
observations
⩥ Induction Answer: forming a specific conclusion based on general
premise.
⩥ Abduction reasoning Answer: rules out explanations until most
plausible remains
⩥ truth Answer: A proposition that accurately represents reality.
, ⩥ validity Answer: In a good deductive argument structure, when true
premises make the conclusion necessarily true.
⩥ invalidity Answer: One or two of the premises are false, thus making
the conclusion false.
⩥ Soundness Answer: The deductive argument is valid, and all premises
are true premises.
⩥ Unsoundness Answer: When the argument is invalid or the premises
are false.
⩥ How is truth connected to propositions? Answer: The relationship that
holds between a proposition and its corresponding fact. If a proposition
is true, then the conclusion is true, but if it's false then it's false.
⩥ valid argument form Answer: an argument form in which every
substitution instance is a valid (true) argument
⩥ invalid argument form Answer: an argument form that has some
invalid (false) substitution instances
⩥ Differentiate between truth, strength, and cogency. Answer: - A strong
argument can have a false conclusion even if it starts with true premises
(strong arguments only make the conclusion probable, not certain).
