D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY E STUDY GUIDE
2026 COMPREHENSIVE ANSWERS ALREADY
PASSED
◉ endocaritis Answer: inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
◉ peridcarditis Answer: inflammation of the pericardium (sack
surrounding heart)
◉ benign vs malignant hypertension Answer: benign - "essential
hypertension", chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention.
malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release
◉ communicable disease Answer: A disease that can be spread from
one person or species to another.
◉ infectious disease Answer: A disease that is caused by a pathogen
and that can be spread from one individual to another.
◉ myocardial infarction causes damage to Answer: arteries of :
brain, retina, heart, kidneys.
,◉ what is expected in right sided heart falure Answer: JVD
◉ what characterizes hypertensive crisis Answer: systolic BP > 180
◉ types of anemia Answer: - Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC
production)
- Iron Deficiency
- Folic Acid Deficiency
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency/Pernicious
- Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced)
- Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs)
◉ Where does cancer originate from in leukemia? Answer: bone
marrow
◉ CD4 cells Answer: Helper T cells that mature in thymus that active
B cells to create immunity
◉ Hodgkin's lymphoma Answer: distinguished from other
lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known
as Reed-Sternberg cells
, ◉ Lymphocytosis Answer: abnormal increase in lymphocytes,
asymptomatic
◉ Stable angina Answer: predictable and consistent pain that occurs
on exertion and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin
◉ Upper respiratory tract infection Answer: common cold,
laryngitis, croup, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and tonsillitis
◉ lower respiratory tract infection Answer: pneumonia, bronchitis,
tuberculosis
◉ conditions that lead to COPD Answer: smoking, asthma, dust,
chemicals, genetics
◉ pnemonia Answer: an inflammation in the lung caused by
infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from
aspiration of chemicals. Hear crackles and rhonchi.
◉ Asthma Answer: treatment resistant bronchospasm, same
category of COPD
◉ pneumothorax Answer: air in the pleural cavity caused by a
puncture of the lung or chest wall
2026 COMPREHENSIVE ANSWERS ALREADY
PASSED
◉ endocaritis Answer: inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
◉ peridcarditis Answer: inflammation of the pericardium (sack
surrounding heart)
◉ benign vs malignant hypertension Answer: benign - "essential
hypertension", chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention.
malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release
◉ communicable disease Answer: A disease that can be spread from
one person or species to another.
◉ infectious disease Answer: A disease that is caused by a pathogen
and that can be spread from one individual to another.
◉ myocardial infarction causes damage to Answer: arteries of :
brain, retina, heart, kidneys.
,◉ what is expected in right sided heart falure Answer: JVD
◉ what characterizes hypertensive crisis Answer: systolic BP > 180
◉ types of anemia Answer: - Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC
production)
- Iron Deficiency
- Folic Acid Deficiency
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency/Pernicious
- Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced)
- Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs)
◉ Where does cancer originate from in leukemia? Answer: bone
marrow
◉ CD4 cells Answer: Helper T cells that mature in thymus that active
B cells to create immunity
◉ Hodgkin's lymphoma Answer: distinguished from other
lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known
as Reed-Sternberg cells
, ◉ Lymphocytosis Answer: abnormal increase in lymphocytes,
asymptomatic
◉ Stable angina Answer: predictable and consistent pain that occurs
on exertion and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin
◉ Upper respiratory tract infection Answer: common cold,
laryngitis, croup, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and tonsillitis
◉ lower respiratory tract infection Answer: pneumonia, bronchitis,
tuberculosis
◉ conditions that lead to COPD Answer: smoking, asthma, dust,
chemicals, genetics
◉ pnemonia Answer: an inflammation in the lung caused by
infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from
aspiration of chemicals. Hear crackles and rhonchi.
◉ Asthma Answer: treatment resistant bronchospasm, same
category of COPD
◉ pneumothorax Answer: air in the pleural cavity caused by a
puncture of the lung or chest wall
