CBIS ACTUAL EXAMS SCRIPT QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Chronic traumatic encephalopathy - CTE - ✔✔Rare, progressive, degenerative
condition of central nervous system that is seen and repetitive brain trauma
Dementia, memory loss, aggression, confusion, depression
✔✔Hebbian Learning - ✔✔Neurons that fire together, wire together
✔✔Experience independent learning - ✔✔" use it or lose it"
✔✔Synaptogenesis - ✔✔The process by which neurons form new connections
✔✔Disorders of consciousness - ✔✔Coma, Vegetative State, minimally conscious state
✔✔Coma - ✔✔* no evidence of arousal
* no response to internal or extrnal stimuli
* May have reflexive response
* resolves in 2 to 4 weeks
✔✔Vegetative state - ✔✔Transition of severely brain damaged patients from a coma to
wakefulness without awareness
Can be months to years in this state
✔✔Minimally conscious state - ✔✔condition in which someone has brief periods of
purposeful actions and speech comprehension
✔✔Emergence from DOC - ✔✔Requires at least one criteria:
* functional communication by verbal or gestural Y/N response
* functional use of 2 or more objects
✔✔Automatic dysfunction syndrome - ✔✔Episodes of: dystonia (abnormal muscle
tone), tachycardia, diaphoresis (sweating), hyperthermia, hypertension, tachypnea
(rapid breathing)
*occurs in 15%-33% of severe TBI
✔✔Sleep Complications - ✔✔Hypogenic hallucinations - vivid dream like auditory,
visual, or tactile sensations on experiences between sleep and wake
Cataplexy - feature of narcolepsy. Sudden loss of muscle tone. Consciousness remains
clear, memory not impaired and respirations intact
✔✔Immediate post Trumatic convulsions (seizures) - ✔✔LOC & involuntary movements
within seconds of impact
*can be asymmetrical, short period of AMS & retrograde amnesia
,✔✔Early post Trumatic seizures - ✔✔*occurs within the first week
*results from primary direct effect of trauma
*risk factors: severe TBI, depressed skull fx , penetrating head injury, sub dural
hematoma, entercerebral hematoma, epidural hematoma, portable contusion
✔✔Late post Trumatic seizures - ✔✔* within 18 to 24 months however can be years
later
* also called post dramatic epilepsy
* strongest risk factors are missile wounds, multiple contusions, multiple craniotomies
✔✔tension headache - ✔✔nonmigraine headache in which pain is felt in all or part of
the head
*Trigeminal nerveC1-C3 nerve roots, occipital nerves
✔✔Cervicogenic Headache - ✔✔Generated primarily from the cervical spine
*C1 -C2 periorbital region
*C2 - C3 parietal & frontal regions
*C3 - C4 upper thoracic & lateral cervical region
✔✔Craniomandibular Headache - ✔✔* subtype of tension headache that can cause
difficulty with eating and talking
✔✔Nocioceptive pain - ✔✔Pain related to peripheral nerves
✔✔neuropathic pain - ✔✔Pain associated with primary lesion
✔✔neuralgia - ✔✔nerve pain
✔✔Neuromas - ✔✔Nerve endings adhered to scar tissue
✔✔Hydrocephalus ex vacuo - ✔✔Appearance of increased CSF in atrophy. Intracranial
pressure normal, brain smaller
✔✔Spasticity - ✔✔Damage to upper motor neuron
Faster and extremity is moved = stronger the spasm
✔✔heterotopic ossification - ✔✔caused by bone formation in soft tissues
✔✔Dysautonomia - ✔✔Imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
" autonomic storming"
* present with muscle over reactivity, posturing, dystonia, rigidity and spasticity
, ✔✔Common Infections - ✔✔Meningitis, respiratory infections, UTI, surgical site
infections, cellulitis, urosepsis
✔✔Stages of motor learning - ✔✔*cognitive (what to do)
*Associative (how to do)
*Autonomis (how to succeed)
✔✔Cranial nerve dysfunction - ✔✔Visual disturbance, facial dropping, postural
instability, dysphagia, autonomic dysregulation
✔✔Athetiod - ✔✔Slow, involuntary, writhing movements
✔✔Ballisms - ✔✔Quick flailing movements
✔✔choreiform movements - ✔✔Continuous rapid & unpredictable movements
✔✔Agnosia - ✔✔Loss of ability to identify people or objects.
Visual, auditory or tactile
✔✔Apraxia - ✔✔Inability to perform purposeful movement
*ideomotor- unable to perform tasks on command
*ideational- unable to perform automatic tasks
*buccofacial- limitations and performing purposeful movement of lips, cheeks, tongue,
larynx and pharynx
✔✔central cord syndrome - ✔✔Presents as weakness & numbness in arms
* results from fall in with neck in hyperextention or with arthritis or spondylosis
* bowel/bladder issues
* able to walk however unable to grasp things
✔✔Brown-Sequard Syndrome - ✔✔1 side of spinal cord injured
Ipsilateral paralysis, loss of light touch sensation on side of lesion, loss of pain &
temperature sensation on contralateral side
✔✔Anterior cord syndrome - ✔✔Loss of muscle control, pain & temperature sensation
below lesion
No loss of proprioception or touch sensation
✔✔posterior cord syndrome - ✔✔Strength with no proprioception
✔✔cognition - ✔✔A complex collection of mental activities such as attention,
perception, comprehension, remembering and language
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Chronic traumatic encephalopathy - CTE - ✔✔Rare, progressive, degenerative
condition of central nervous system that is seen and repetitive brain trauma
Dementia, memory loss, aggression, confusion, depression
✔✔Hebbian Learning - ✔✔Neurons that fire together, wire together
✔✔Experience independent learning - ✔✔" use it or lose it"
✔✔Synaptogenesis - ✔✔The process by which neurons form new connections
✔✔Disorders of consciousness - ✔✔Coma, Vegetative State, minimally conscious state
✔✔Coma - ✔✔* no evidence of arousal
* no response to internal or extrnal stimuli
* May have reflexive response
* resolves in 2 to 4 weeks
✔✔Vegetative state - ✔✔Transition of severely brain damaged patients from a coma to
wakefulness without awareness
Can be months to years in this state
✔✔Minimally conscious state - ✔✔condition in which someone has brief periods of
purposeful actions and speech comprehension
✔✔Emergence from DOC - ✔✔Requires at least one criteria:
* functional communication by verbal or gestural Y/N response
* functional use of 2 or more objects
✔✔Automatic dysfunction syndrome - ✔✔Episodes of: dystonia (abnormal muscle
tone), tachycardia, diaphoresis (sweating), hyperthermia, hypertension, tachypnea
(rapid breathing)
*occurs in 15%-33% of severe TBI
✔✔Sleep Complications - ✔✔Hypogenic hallucinations - vivid dream like auditory,
visual, or tactile sensations on experiences between sleep and wake
Cataplexy - feature of narcolepsy. Sudden loss of muscle tone. Consciousness remains
clear, memory not impaired and respirations intact
✔✔Immediate post Trumatic convulsions (seizures) - ✔✔LOC & involuntary movements
within seconds of impact
*can be asymmetrical, short period of AMS & retrograde amnesia
,✔✔Early post Trumatic seizures - ✔✔*occurs within the first week
*results from primary direct effect of trauma
*risk factors: severe TBI, depressed skull fx , penetrating head injury, sub dural
hematoma, entercerebral hematoma, epidural hematoma, portable contusion
✔✔Late post Trumatic seizures - ✔✔* within 18 to 24 months however can be years
later
* also called post dramatic epilepsy
* strongest risk factors are missile wounds, multiple contusions, multiple craniotomies
✔✔tension headache - ✔✔nonmigraine headache in which pain is felt in all or part of
the head
*Trigeminal nerveC1-C3 nerve roots, occipital nerves
✔✔Cervicogenic Headache - ✔✔Generated primarily from the cervical spine
*C1 -C2 periorbital region
*C2 - C3 parietal & frontal regions
*C3 - C4 upper thoracic & lateral cervical region
✔✔Craniomandibular Headache - ✔✔* subtype of tension headache that can cause
difficulty with eating and talking
✔✔Nocioceptive pain - ✔✔Pain related to peripheral nerves
✔✔neuropathic pain - ✔✔Pain associated with primary lesion
✔✔neuralgia - ✔✔nerve pain
✔✔Neuromas - ✔✔Nerve endings adhered to scar tissue
✔✔Hydrocephalus ex vacuo - ✔✔Appearance of increased CSF in atrophy. Intracranial
pressure normal, brain smaller
✔✔Spasticity - ✔✔Damage to upper motor neuron
Faster and extremity is moved = stronger the spasm
✔✔heterotopic ossification - ✔✔caused by bone formation in soft tissues
✔✔Dysautonomia - ✔✔Imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
" autonomic storming"
* present with muscle over reactivity, posturing, dystonia, rigidity and spasticity
, ✔✔Common Infections - ✔✔Meningitis, respiratory infections, UTI, surgical site
infections, cellulitis, urosepsis
✔✔Stages of motor learning - ✔✔*cognitive (what to do)
*Associative (how to do)
*Autonomis (how to succeed)
✔✔Cranial nerve dysfunction - ✔✔Visual disturbance, facial dropping, postural
instability, dysphagia, autonomic dysregulation
✔✔Athetiod - ✔✔Slow, involuntary, writhing movements
✔✔Ballisms - ✔✔Quick flailing movements
✔✔choreiform movements - ✔✔Continuous rapid & unpredictable movements
✔✔Agnosia - ✔✔Loss of ability to identify people or objects.
Visual, auditory or tactile
✔✔Apraxia - ✔✔Inability to perform purposeful movement
*ideomotor- unable to perform tasks on command
*ideational- unable to perform automatic tasks
*buccofacial- limitations and performing purposeful movement of lips, cheeks, tongue,
larynx and pharynx
✔✔central cord syndrome - ✔✔Presents as weakness & numbness in arms
* results from fall in with neck in hyperextention or with arthritis or spondylosis
* bowel/bladder issues
* able to walk however unable to grasp things
✔✔Brown-Sequard Syndrome - ✔✔1 side of spinal cord injured
Ipsilateral paralysis, loss of light touch sensation on side of lesion, loss of pain &
temperature sensation on contralateral side
✔✔Anterior cord syndrome - ✔✔Loss of muscle control, pain & temperature sensation
below lesion
No loss of proprioception or touch sensation
✔✔posterior cord syndrome - ✔✔Strength with no proprioception
✔✔cognition - ✔✔A complex collection of mental activities such as attention,
perception, comprehension, remembering and language
