LES 305 FINAL PAPER 1 2026
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
●● Categorical Imperative (Kant).
Answer: One ought only to act such that the principle of one's act could
become a universal law of human action in a world in which one would
hope to live.
●● Contractarians and Justice.
Answer: Putting ethical standards in place by a social contract; using
rational thinking people develop a set of rules for everyone
●● Divine Command Theory.
Answer: Ethical standards and resolutions are based upon religious
beliefs
●● Ethical Egoism.
Answer: We all act in our own self-interest and limit our judgments to
our own conduct, not the conduct of others.
●● Ethics.
,Answer: The unwritten rules we have developed for our interaction with
each other.
●● Front Page of the Newspaper Test.
Answer: "Contemplating any business act, an employee should ask
himself whether he would be willing to see it immediately described by
an informed and critical reporter on the front page of his local paper,
there to be read by his spouse, children, and friends." - Warren Buffet
●● Laura Nash resolving ethical dilemmas.
Answer: (1) Have you defined the problem accurately?
(2) How would you define the problem if you stood on the other side of
the fence?
(3) How did this occur in the first place?
(4) To whom and what do you give your loyalties as a person and as a
member of the corporation?
(5) What is your intention in making this decision?
(6) How does this intention compare with the likely results?
(7) Whom could your decision or action injure?
(8) Can you engage the affected parties in a discussion of the problem
before you make your decision?
(9) Are you confident that your position will be as valid over a long
period of time as it seems now?
,(10) Could you disclose without qualm your decision or action to your
boss, your CEO, the board of directors, your family, or society as a
whole?
(11) What is the symbolic potential of your action if understood? If
misunderstood?
(12) Under what conditions would you allow exceptions to your stand?
●● List the categories of ethical dilemmas.
Answer: a. Taking things that don't belong to you.
b. Saying things you know are not true.
c. Giving or allowing false impressions.
d. Buying influence or engaging in conflicts of interest.
e. Hiding or divulging information.
f. Taking unfair advantage.
g. Committing acts of personal decadence.
h. Perpetrating interpersonal abuse.
, i. Permitting organizational abuse.
j. Violating rules.
k. Condoning unethical conduct.
l. Balancing ethical dilemmas.
●● Methods avoid facing ethical dilemmas.
Answer: Re-labeling (copyright infringement vs. peer-to-peer file
sharing) and rationalizing.
●● Moral Relativists.
Answer: Time-and-place ethics; making ethical choices based on the
circumstances.
●● primum non nocere.
Answer: "Above all do no harm."
Peter Drucker
Part of the Hippocratic oath
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
●● Categorical Imperative (Kant).
Answer: One ought only to act such that the principle of one's act could
become a universal law of human action in a world in which one would
hope to live.
●● Contractarians and Justice.
Answer: Putting ethical standards in place by a social contract; using
rational thinking people develop a set of rules for everyone
●● Divine Command Theory.
Answer: Ethical standards and resolutions are based upon religious
beliefs
●● Ethical Egoism.
Answer: We all act in our own self-interest and limit our judgments to
our own conduct, not the conduct of others.
●● Ethics.
,Answer: The unwritten rules we have developed for our interaction with
each other.
●● Front Page of the Newspaper Test.
Answer: "Contemplating any business act, an employee should ask
himself whether he would be willing to see it immediately described by
an informed and critical reporter on the front page of his local paper,
there to be read by his spouse, children, and friends." - Warren Buffet
●● Laura Nash resolving ethical dilemmas.
Answer: (1) Have you defined the problem accurately?
(2) How would you define the problem if you stood on the other side of
the fence?
(3) How did this occur in the first place?
(4) To whom and what do you give your loyalties as a person and as a
member of the corporation?
(5) What is your intention in making this decision?
(6) How does this intention compare with the likely results?
(7) Whom could your decision or action injure?
(8) Can you engage the affected parties in a discussion of the problem
before you make your decision?
(9) Are you confident that your position will be as valid over a long
period of time as it seems now?
,(10) Could you disclose without qualm your decision or action to your
boss, your CEO, the board of directors, your family, or society as a
whole?
(11) What is the symbolic potential of your action if understood? If
misunderstood?
(12) Under what conditions would you allow exceptions to your stand?
●● List the categories of ethical dilemmas.
Answer: a. Taking things that don't belong to you.
b. Saying things you know are not true.
c. Giving or allowing false impressions.
d. Buying influence or engaging in conflicts of interest.
e. Hiding or divulging information.
f. Taking unfair advantage.
g. Committing acts of personal decadence.
h. Perpetrating interpersonal abuse.
, i. Permitting organizational abuse.
j. Violating rules.
k. Condoning unethical conduct.
l. Balancing ethical dilemmas.
●● Methods avoid facing ethical dilemmas.
Answer: Re-labeling (copyright infringement vs. peer-to-peer file
sharing) and rationalizing.
●● Moral Relativists.
Answer: Time-and-place ethics; making ethical choices based on the
circumstances.
●● primum non nocere.
Answer: "Above all do no harm."
Peter Drucker
Part of the Hippocratic oath
