STUDY GUIDE WITH PRACTICE QUESTIONS,
ANSWERS, AND RATIONALES
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Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
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Rationales Included
,Rules if exponents Must always share a base
1. When multiplying you add the exponents
2. When diving you subtracts the exponents
3. A number raised to a fraction power is the same as the root or radical
perfect square These are 1,4,9,25,36,49,64,81,100
Factorials (e.g. 8!) To find the factorial of any integer, multiply it by every positive integer below it,
e.g.:
8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1
Quadratic Formula x = -b ± √(b² - 4ac)/2a
Foil First, Outside, Inside, Last
physical properties of matter Color, Odor, Shape, Hardness, Texture, Density, Volume, Mass, Weight
Mass A measure of the amount of matter in an object ( sum of the protons, neutrons,
and electrons)
mass of proton 1.67 x 10^-27 kg equal to 1.007 amu
Weight A measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object.
Volume The amount of space an object takes up
Density Mass per unit volume (equals mass/volume)
What's the smallest unit of matter Atom
atomic weight/mass protons + neutrons
Ions positively and negatively charged atoms
anions and cations - Anions: negatively charged ions
- Cations: positively charged ions
Isotopes Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
atomic weight Average of the mass numbers of all isotopes (usually 2x the atomic number)
The atomic nucleus The central part of an atom that contains both protons and neutrons.
, Atomic Energy States All atoms strive to thrive lowest energy state
The N shells Energy levels where the electrons are found, the lowest energy leve
Orbitals/Shells regions around the nucleus in which given electron or electron pair is likely to be
found ex) 1s which can only hold 2 electrons
p orbital 6 electrons
electron configuration the arrangement of electrons of an atom in its ground state into various orbitals
around the nuclei of atoms ex) N= 1s2, 2s2, 2p3
valance electrons electrons in the outermost energy level These participate in chemical reactions
The octet rule States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of
eight valence electrons
Transition Metals (Groups 3-12) good thermal conductors, shiny, electric conductors, higher density and melting
points than group and low specific heat, and can be shapes and stretched
Nonmetals These are carbon, nitrogen , oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and the halides form
small molecules, strong covalent bonds and weak intermolecular attractions ,
brittle and powdery, good electrical and thermal insulators
metalloids physical properties brittle, can be shiny or dull, can be ductile or malleable, used as semiconductors
in electronics ex) silicon and germanium
Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals
Hydrogen bonds are strongest intermolecular forces
covalent bond a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
polar bonds are unequal sharing, hydrophilic, they do not dissolve in water
intermolecular forces forces of attraction between molecules ex) soild, gas , liquid these are weak
intramolecular forces forces within molecules these are strong ex) hydrogen
boiling point, freeing point water Boiling is 212 F and 100C freezing is 32F and 0C
Conversion of Celsius to Fahrenheit F = 9/5 C + 32