STUDY GUIDE WITH PRACTICE QUESTIONS,
ANSWERS, AND RATIONALES
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Updated 2026 Questions and Answers
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Rationales Included
,Narrative tells a story to entertain, inform, or challenge
Persuasive includes facts and strong opinions to make the reader feel, think, or behave a
certain way
Bias tendency toward a preconceived idea
Connotative meaning the implied meaning of a word, with assumptions or an emotional charge attached
to it
Denotative meaning the standard dictionary definition of a word
Rhetorical device stylistic language used to have an emotional or persuasive effect on the reader
Tone the writer's attitude or emotions concerning the topic
Argument a point the author believes
Compare and Contrast to compare means to look for similarities; to contrast means to look for
differences
Prediction a reader's guess of what could happen, based on details found in the text
Primary source a firsthand, unaltered document by the original author or creator; includes novels,
letters, original research papers, datasets, paintings photographs
Secondary source a document that analyzes, discusses, or reproduces a primary source; includes
textbooks and many other nonfiction books, review articles, biographies
Tertiary source a reference work that consolidates information from primary and secondary
sources; includes encyclopedias, handbooks, study guides
PEMDAS parentheses, exponents, multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction
Least common denominator the smallest number into which two or more denominators will divide evenly
Decimals represent parts of a whole
Ratio a comparison between the quantity of one item and the quantity of another item
Mean the average of a set of numbers
, Median the middle number
Mode the number that appears most often in a set of numbers
Range measures the spread of a given set of numbers
Area the amount of space within the boundary of the shape
Perimeter the distance around the shape
Volume the amount of space the object occupies or can hold, as measured in cubic units
Pythagorean theorem applies to right triangles; a^2 + b^2 = c^2
Acute angles angles <90 degrees
Hypotenuse the side opposite the right angle
Straight angle 180 degree angle
Celsius to Fahrenheit (C x 1.8) + 32
Fahrenheit to Celsius (F - 32) / 1.8
Independent variable can be manipulated
Dependent variable the variable that is a possible effect
Balance instrument used to measure an object's mass
Correlation the relationship between variables
Positive correlation both variables move in the same direction
Negative correlation one variable increases while the other decreases
Distribution of data symmetry, unimodal, bimodal, bell curve, skewed, uniform
Meniscus the curve at the surface of a liquid in a tube
Outlier a value that does not fit the pattern in the data