2026 NURS 5315: ADV PATHO EXAM 1
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER -E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an incr
ease in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, h
ormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass aſter damage or partial resection; may be
compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation (en
dometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enl
argement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, mode
rate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia
or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer develop
ment; pap smears oſten show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can
arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytok
ines and growth factors
,Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Eso
phagus-
normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal me
taplasia
Hypoxia injury - CORRECT ANSWER -E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism
. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria-
exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-
Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis - CORRECT ANSWER -
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale
. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - CORRECT ANSWER -Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -prostate tumors
,z
Carcino-z -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -fromz epithelialz tissue-z renalz cellz carcinoma
Sarco-z -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -fromz connectivez tissue-z chondrosarcoma
Carcinomaz inz situz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -
preinvasivez epithelialz malignantz tumorsz ofz glandularz orz squamousz cells-z cervix
Lungz caz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Multiplez organsz includingz brain
Colorectalz caz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Liver,z lungs
Testicularz caz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Liver,z lungs,z brain
Prostatez caz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Bonesz (especiallyz lumbarz spine),z liver
Headz andz neckz caz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Liver,z bones,z lymphatics
Ovarianz caz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Peritonealz surfaces,z diaphragm,z omentum,z liver
Sarcomaz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Lungs
Melanomaz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Inz transitz lymphatics,z lung,z liver,z brain,z GIz tract
Mechanismsz ofz caz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -
Localz invasion,z followedz byz invasionz ofz surroundingz tissues.z Cellsz thenz mayz invadez bloodz andz lymph
aticz vessels.z Theyz mustz survivez inz circulation,z thenz enterz andz survivez inz az newz location.z Thenz thez
c
ellsz canz multiplyz andz formz az newz tumor.
TNMz stagingz systemz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -T=z tumorz sizez >/=z correlatesz withz metastaticz ability
,z
N=z whetherz lymphz nodesz arez involved
M=z extraz nodalz involvementz (liver,z lungs)
Intravascularz fluidz compartmentz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Inz venousz system-z 20%
Osmolalityz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Thez measurez ofz solutez concentrationz inz az fluid.
280-295z mOsm
Interstitialz fluidz compartmentz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -
Surroundsz thez cellsz andz bathesz themz inz nutrients-z 20%
Intracellularz fluidz compartmentz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Withinz thez cells-z 40%z uk
Osmosisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Passive-
thez movementz ofz waterz fromz anz areaz ofz lowz concentrationz ofz solutez toz onez ofz higherz concentrat
i
on
Osmoticz pressurez -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Pulling-
thez amountz ofz pressurez orz forcez thatz isz exertedz byz solutez moleculesz ofz az givenz compartmen
t
Hydrostaticz pressurez -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Bloodz pressure-
pushesz fluidz outsidez ofz thez vessels,z thez forcez ofz fluidz againstz thez wallsz ofz az compartment-
venousz obstruction,z Naz andz waterz retention
Oncoticz pressurez -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -
Colloidz pressurez keepsz waterz insidez thez compartment,z attractsz waterz fromz interstitialz spacez backz in
toz thez capillary-z lossesz orz diminishedz albumin
Effectivez arterialz bloodz volumez -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -
Thez amountz ofz bloodz withinz thez arterialz space-
ECFz changesz willz causez changesz inz thez EABVz inz thez samez direction
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER -E. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an incr
ease in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, h
ormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass aſter damage or partial resection; may be
compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation (en
dometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary gland enl
argement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape, organization (classified as mild, mode
rate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical hyperplasia
or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast cancer develop
ment; pap smears oſten show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER -
E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; Cancer can
arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytok
ines and growth factors
,Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Eso
phagus-
normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal me
taplasia
Hypoxia injury - CORRECT ANSWER -E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism
. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria-
exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - CORRECT ANSWER -
E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-
Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver
failure irreversible
Oncosis - CORRECT ANSWER -
Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale
. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - CORRECT ANSWER -Liver and germ cell tumors
Carcinoembryonic Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors
Prostate Specific Antigen - CORRECT ANSWER -prostate tumors
,z
Carcino-z -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -fromz epithelialz tissue-z renalz cellz carcinoma
Sarco-z -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -fromz connectivez tissue-z chondrosarcoma
Carcinomaz inz situz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -
preinvasivez epithelialz malignantz tumorsz ofz glandularz orz squamousz cells-z cervix
Lungz caz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Multiplez organsz includingz brain
Colorectalz caz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Liver,z lungs
Testicularz caz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Liver,z lungs,z brain
Prostatez caz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Bonesz (especiallyz lumbarz spine),z liver
Headz andz neckz caz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Liver,z bones,z lymphatics
Ovarianz caz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Peritonealz surfaces,z diaphragm,z omentum,z liver
Sarcomaz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Lungs
Melanomaz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Inz transitz lymphatics,z lung,z liver,z brain,z GIz tract
Mechanismsz ofz caz metastasisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -
Localz invasion,z followedz byz invasionz ofz surroundingz tissues.z Cellsz thenz mayz invadez bloodz andz lymph
aticz vessels.z Theyz mustz survivez inz circulation,z thenz enterz andz survivez inz az newz location.z Thenz thez
c
ellsz canz multiplyz andz formz az newz tumor.
TNMz stagingz systemz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -T=z tumorz sizez >/=z correlatesz withz metastaticz ability
,z
N=z whetherz lymphz nodesz arez involved
M=z extraz nodalz involvementz (liver,z lungs)
Intravascularz fluidz compartmentz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Inz venousz system-z 20%
Osmolalityz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Thez measurez ofz solutez concentrationz inz az fluid.
280-295z mOsm
Interstitialz fluidz compartmentz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -
Surroundsz thez cellsz andz bathesz themz inz nutrients-z 20%
Intracellularz fluidz compartmentz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Withinz thez cells-z 40%z uk
Osmosisz -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Passive-
thez movementz ofz waterz fromz anz areaz ofz lowz concentrationz ofz solutez toz onez ofz higherz concentrat
i
on
Osmoticz pressurez -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Pulling-
thez amountz ofz pressurez orz forcez thatz isz exertedz byz solutez moleculesz ofz az givenz compartmen
t
Hydrostaticz pressurez -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -Bloodz pressure-
pushesz fluidz outsidez ofz thez vessels,z thez forcez ofz fluidz againstz thez wallsz ofz az compartment-
venousz obstruction,z Naz andz waterz retention
Oncoticz pressurez -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -
Colloidz pressurez keepsz waterz insidez thez compartment,z attractsz waterz fromz interstitialz spacez backz in
toz thez capillary-z lossesz orz diminishedz albumin
Effectivez arterialz bloodz volumez -z CORRECTz ANSWERz -
Thez amountz ofz bloodz withinz thez arterialz space-
ECFz changesz willz causez changesz inz thez EABVz inz thez samez direction
