National Council for Therapeutic
Recreation Certification Exam Study
Guide (Grow Through Flow) Questions
and Answers
,Contingent Feedback - ANSWER>>acknowledge the effort the person makes.
Avoid direct negative statements
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *0-2 years old* - ANSWER>>Name:
Oral
Pleasure Source: Mouth (sucking, biting, swallowing)
Conflict: Weaning away from mother's breast
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *2-4 years old* - ANSWER>>Name:
Anal
Pleasure Source: Anus (defecating or holding feces)
Conflict: Toilet training
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *4-5 years old* - ANSWER>>Name:
Phallic
Pleasure Source: Genitals
Conflict: Oedipus (boys), Electra (girls)
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *6 years old - puberty* -
ANSWER>>Name: Latency
Pleasure Source: Sexual urges sublimated into sport and hobbies; same-sex friend
also help avoid sexual feelings
Conflict:
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *puberty onwards* -
ANSWER>>Name: Genital
Pleasure Source: Physical sexual changes reawaken repressed needs; direct sexual
feelings towards others lead to sexual gratification
Conflict: Social rules
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Oral-Sensory* (Birth to 1 year) -
ANSWER>>*Trust vs. mistrust:* Babies learn either to trust or mistrust that others
,will care for their basic needs including nourishment, sucking, warm, cleanliness,
and physical contact
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Musculo-Anal* (1-3 years) -
ANSWER>>*Autonomy vs. shame and doubt:* Children learn to either be self-
sufficient in many activities, including tolerating, feeding, walking, and talking or
to doubt their own abilities
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Locomotor-Genital* (3-5 years) -
ANSWER>>*Initiative vs. guilt:* Children want to undertake many adult like
activities, sometimes overstepping the limits set by parents and feel guilty
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Latency* (6-11 years) -
ANSWER>>*Industry vs. inferiority:* Children busily learn to be competent and
productive to feel inferior and unable to do anything well
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Adolescence* (12-18 years) -
ANSWER>>*Identity vs. role confusion:* Adolescents try to figure out "Who Am
I?" and they establish sexual, ethnic, and career identities, or are confused about
what future roles to play
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Young Adulthood* (19-35 years) -
ANSWER>>*Intimacy vs. isolation:* Young adults seek companionship and love
with another person or become isolated from others
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Adulthood* (35-50 years) -
ANSWER>>Generativity vs. stagnation:* Middle aged adults are productive,
performing meaningful work, and raising a family, or become stagnant and
inactive
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Maturity* (50+) -
ANSWER>>*Integrity vs. despair:* Older adults try to make send out of their lives,
, either seeing life as meaningful and whole or despairing at goals never reached
and questions never ANSWERed
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Sensory-Motor* (Birth to 2 years) -
ANSWER>>• Differentiates self from objects
• Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally (ex: pulls a
strong to set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make noise)
• Achieves object permanence, realizes that things continue to exist even when
no longer present to the sense
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Pre-Operational* (2-7 years) -
ANSWER>>• Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and
words
• Thinking is still egocentric, has difficulty taking the viewpoints of others
• Classifies objects by a single feature (ex: groups together all red blocks,
regardless of shape, or all the square blocks, regardless of color)
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Concrete Operational* (7-11 years) -
ANSWER>>• Can think logically about objects and events
• Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9)
• Classifies objects according to several features and can order them in a series
along a single dimension, such as size
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Formal Operational* (11+) -
ANSWER>>• Can think logically about abstract prepositions and test hypothesis
systematically
• Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems
Havinghurst Theory of Adult Development: *Early Adulthood* - ANSWER>>•
Finding a mate
• Having children
• Managing a home
• Getting started in a profession
Recreation Certification Exam Study
Guide (Grow Through Flow) Questions
and Answers
,Contingent Feedback - ANSWER>>acknowledge the effort the person makes.
Avoid direct negative statements
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *0-2 years old* - ANSWER>>Name:
Oral
Pleasure Source: Mouth (sucking, biting, swallowing)
Conflict: Weaning away from mother's breast
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *2-4 years old* - ANSWER>>Name:
Anal
Pleasure Source: Anus (defecating or holding feces)
Conflict: Toilet training
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *4-5 years old* - ANSWER>>Name:
Phallic
Pleasure Source: Genitals
Conflict: Oedipus (boys), Electra (girls)
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *6 years old - puberty* -
ANSWER>>Name: Latency
Pleasure Source: Sexual urges sublimated into sport and hobbies; same-sex friend
also help avoid sexual feelings
Conflict:
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory: *puberty onwards* -
ANSWER>>Name: Genital
Pleasure Source: Physical sexual changes reawaken repressed needs; direct sexual
feelings towards others lead to sexual gratification
Conflict: Social rules
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Oral-Sensory* (Birth to 1 year) -
ANSWER>>*Trust vs. mistrust:* Babies learn either to trust or mistrust that others
,will care for their basic needs including nourishment, sucking, warm, cleanliness,
and physical contact
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Musculo-Anal* (1-3 years) -
ANSWER>>*Autonomy vs. shame and doubt:* Children learn to either be self-
sufficient in many activities, including tolerating, feeding, walking, and talking or
to doubt their own abilities
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Locomotor-Genital* (3-5 years) -
ANSWER>>*Initiative vs. guilt:* Children want to undertake many adult like
activities, sometimes overstepping the limits set by parents and feel guilty
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Latency* (6-11 years) -
ANSWER>>*Industry vs. inferiority:* Children busily learn to be competent and
productive to feel inferior and unable to do anything well
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Adolescence* (12-18 years) -
ANSWER>>*Identity vs. role confusion:* Adolescents try to figure out "Who Am
I?" and they establish sexual, ethnic, and career identities, or are confused about
what future roles to play
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Young Adulthood* (19-35 years) -
ANSWER>>*Intimacy vs. isolation:* Young adults seek companionship and love
with another person or become isolated from others
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Adulthood* (35-50 years) -
ANSWER>>Generativity vs. stagnation:* Middle aged adults are productive,
performing meaningful work, and raising a family, or become stagnant and
inactive
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: *Maturity* (50+) -
ANSWER>>*Integrity vs. despair:* Older adults try to make send out of their lives,
, either seeing life as meaningful and whole or despairing at goals never reached
and questions never ANSWERed
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Sensory-Motor* (Birth to 2 years) -
ANSWER>>• Differentiates self from objects
• Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally (ex: pulls a
strong to set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make noise)
• Achieves object permanence, realizes that things continue to exist even when
no longer present to the sense
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Pre-Operational* (2-7 years) -
ANSWER>>• Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and
words
• Thinking is still egocentric, has difficulty taking the viewpoints of others
• Classifies objects by a single feature (ex: groups together all red blocks,
regardless of shape, or all the square blocks, regardless of color)
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Concrete Operational* (7-11 years) -
ANSWER>>• Can think logically about objects and events
• Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9)
• Classifies objects according to several features and can order them in a series
along a single dimension, such as size
Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development: *Formal Operational* (11+) -
ANSWER>>• Can think logically about abstract prepositions and test hypothesis
systematically
• Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems
Havinghurst Theory of Adult Development: *Early Adulthood* - ANSWER>>•
Finding a mate
• Having children
• Managing a home
• Getting started in a profession
