NSG 533 ADV PHARM EXAM 3 | COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH 100%
GRADED CORRECT EXPERT SOLUTIONS| 2026 LATEST UPDATED |
GET A+
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - (Answer)- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - (Answer)- do not have HF, but at
risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - (Answer)- clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
,who is most at risk for HF - (Answer)black males and females; older women
two biggest causes of HF - (Answer)1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
calculate EF - (Answer)SV/LVEDV
synonym for inotropy - (Answer)contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy - (Answer)relaxation (HFpEF)
two organizations for classification of HF - (Answer)1. American Heart Assocation (A,B,C,D) -
based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical activity limitations
how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - (Answer)cardiac dysfunction has
structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have HF
,compensatory mechanisms for HF - (Answer)1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling Law) - can give
inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term can cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
two types of angiotensin II - (Answer)1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - (Answer)- causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - (Answer)20x higher than normal
effects of aldosterone on HF - (Answer)- increases sodium and water reabsorption
, - decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - (Answer)- dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on? - (Answer)1.
beta blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
what hormones worsen HF - (Answer)- Angiontensin II (RAAS)
- catecholamines (SNS)
- endothelin
- aldosterone
GRADED CORRECT EXPERT SOLUTIONS| 2026 LATEST UPDATED |
GET A+
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - (Answer)- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - (Answer)- do not have HF, but at
risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - (Answer)- clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
,who is most at risk for HF - (Answer)black males and females; older women
two biggest causes of HF - (Answer)1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
calculate EF - (Answer)SV/LVEDV
synonym for inotropy - (Answer)contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy - (Answer)relaxation (HFpEF)
two organizations for classification of HF - (Answer)1. American Heart Assocation (A,B,C,D) -
based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical activity limitations
how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - (Answer)cardiac dysfunction has
structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have HF
,compensatory mechanisms for HF - (Answer)1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling Law) - can give
inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term can cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
two types of angiotensin II - (Answer)1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - (Answer)- causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - (Answer)20x higher than normal
effects of aldosterone on HF - (Answer)- increases sodium and water reabsorption
, - decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - (Answer)- dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be started on? - (Answer)1.
beta blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
what hormones worsen HF - (Answer)- Angiontensin II (RAAS)
- catecholamines (SNS)
- endothelin
- aldosterone
